如何提高高中生的英语写作能力 一、 从词汇入手,强化短语写作 有研究表明,词汇学习可以促进英语水平的提高(文秋方,1998)。培养和提高学生的英语写作能力应从词和句入手,抓好基础训练。英语是结构语言,具有其自身的固定搭配、习惯用语和基本句型(陈立华,2003)。而《牛津高中英语》教材大量的词汇和地道的生活语言、任务型编排体系以及文本体裁的多样性,为“写”提供了基本素材。教师可根据不同话题的写作要求,采用不同形式的方法对学生进行写作基础训练。比如:关键词和短语写作训练法,即教师根据本单元的写作话题,每天精心选择2——3个词组或句型,让学生做翻译和造句练习;一周之后,让学生运用这些词组和句型进行写作。通过这种训练方法,既可以培养学生的写作能力,又可以提高写作的效率,还可以帮助学生掌握一些习惯用语和句子结构,从而提高学生遣词造句的能力。二、抓好基本句型的训练,促进写作 书面表达题是由许多句子组成的,句子是写文章的基础。要完成书面表达题,首先要从句子入手,指导学生如何用句子表意。从语言形态学的角度看,英语属于分析型的语言,它有较为固定的基本句型、稳定搭配、俗成短语等,要想在写作中用好它们,必须加强这方面的基本训练。首先,要加强五种基本句型的教学训练。几乎所有的英语句型都是这五种句型的扩大、延伸或变化,因此训练学生“写”就要抓住五种基本句型,熟练掌握这五种基本句型。五种基本句型是:S+V,S+V+O,S+V+O+O,S+V+O+C,S+V+P。五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思,但无法比较自由地表达思想,因此还必须对学生进行扩句训练,在课堂上充分发挥学生的想象力。其次,加强句型教学,要对一些句子进行分析,增强学生利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。最后,充分利用教材,对学生进行基本语感的训练。三、从阅读入手,培养写作表达技巧 阅读与写作密不可分,阅读是写作的基础,是搜集素材、学习词汇句型和新颖表达方式的源泉。因此,教师应想方设法把阅读与写作结合起来,利用教材训练学生的写作技能,在阅读能力的培养过程中融入多种形式的写作技能训练,将写作教学贯穿于阅读教学中。笔者采用了如下方法: 利用教材,开展改写 在完成阅读教学,学生基本掌握文章内容的基础上,笔者进一步指导学生改写文章。改写要求学生注意人称、时态、直接引语、间接引语、遣词造句和谋篇布局等方面的变化,充分理解课文内容,认真思考,写出语言得体、内容完整的文章。例如:《牛津高中英语》模块6 Unit 2What Is Happiness to You 。的Reading部分是一篇以对话采访形式出现的课文,在采访过程中,嘉宾DBrain以体操运动员桑兰的经历为例,谈到他对幸福的理解。在完成阅读教学后,笔者要求学生用第三人称写一篇介绍桑兰的作文,并鼓励学生引用课文中描述桑兰的经典词汇和例句。如:hard鄄working, energet鄄ic, stay optimistic/positive, in good spir鄄its; She was happy to devote herself to gym鄄nastics等。通过这些训练,学生既加深了对课文的理解,又运用了所学重点词汇,同时学生的写作技能得到了实际的锻炼。模仿范文,鼓励仿写 写的过程实际上是模拟读者阅读的过程;而阅读也是模拟写作的行为(戴军熔,2002)。教师可给学生一篇与书面表达体裁和题材相同的范文,让学生通过阅读完成类似话题的写作任务。例如:《牛津高中英语》模块1 Unit 3 Lo好ing Good,Feeling Good的写作话题是保持健康。笔者从英文报刊上选择一篇有关如何科学合理地减肥、健身的报道,先让学生在课堂上进行限时阅读,然后提问学生:Which do you think is more important,lo好ing good or feeling good How would you keep fitWhy等。学生通过模仿阅读材料的结构进行写作。通过阅读带动写作,由知识的输入到知识的输出,提高了学生表达的条理性和连贯性,为学生提供了写作策略和技能。四、培养学生用英语写作的习惯 “临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网。”如果仅仅掌握了写作技巧,熟背了大量文章,不亲自动手实践还是不行的,没有一成不变的文章让照搬。《英语课程标准》指出:基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。因此,要遵循“一切为了运用”的原则,提倡和鼓励学生亲自实践,动手写作,用英语给亲人、朋友、老师写信,用英语写日记,或用英语写便条,写留言短信,还可以用英语与老师谈心或反映情况,或给老师写每周情况报告或总结。只有将所学内容适时地运用于实际生活,才能内化成自己的能力。
1、否定句许多否定句不含not的否定结构。如果论文作者能正确使用他们,就会增加写作的闪光点,使文章显得生动活泼。 Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the 应该教孩子们如何从互联网获取有益的信息,而不是沉溺于玩电脑游戏。 On no account (Under no circumstances)can we ignore the immense value of 我们绝不能忽视知识的巨大价值。 College students take part-time jobs not for more money but fora better understanding of 大学生参加兼职工作不是为了赚更多钱,而是为了更好地了解社会。 One’s salary does not depend so much on his educational background ason his ability and contribution to the 一个人的工资与其说取决于他的教育背景倒不如说取决于他的能力和对社会的贡献。2、非限制性定语从句如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明,就可以用到非限制性定语从句。 Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality,which is of vital importance to their development in the 毫无疑问,实用性课程可以用于实际中,这对于他们未来发展是非常重要的。 Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media, which is sometimes dangerous and 孩子们倾向于模仿大众媒体上的所见所闻,这在有时是危险和有害的。 The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job 大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力, 这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。3、让步句让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一,作者务必掌握以下4种用法,可以使英文句子起伏跌宕,富于变化。 This view is widely acknowledged;however,there is little evidence that smoking is beneficial to people’s 这个观点被广泛认可,然而,几乎没有证据表明吸烟对人们健康有利。 Although(Whilst)the computer has been widely used in class, it cannot replace the role of 尽管计算机已经广泛用于课堂,但是它不能取代教师的作用。 Reasonable as the opinion sounds, it cannot bear much 虽然这个观点听起来有道理,但是它经不住分析。 In spite of a lot of conveniences that cars bring to people’s life, it can create a series of serious 尽管汽车给人们的生活带来了许多便利,但是也产生了一系列严重的问题。4、It引导的句子It引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。作者应熟练掌握其用法,并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。 It is hard to imagine what our life would look like without computers in modern 很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机,我们的生活会变成什么样子。 It is conceivable that being physically active does good to 可想而知,积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。 It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or 女性是否应该参军是一个非常有争议的问题。 It is universally acknowledged that water and air are indispensable to human 人们普遍认为,水和空气对人类不可缺少。5、假设句假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。 If we destroy old buildings, then we will ruin the traditional culture and 如果我们推倒老房子,就要破坏传统的文化和遗产。 You would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at 假如你在家上网,你就会失去与其他同学交流的机会。 Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of being 一旦你变换了现在的工作,就面临着失业的危险。6、倒装句在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句,有助于句子表达形式的多样化,使语言更加生动有力。 Only in this way can the problem be tackled 只有这样才能妥善地解决这个问题。 Only when children take arduous efforts can they become 只有当孩子们付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。 Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learn how to handle interpersonal 在校学习不仅为了学术目的,而且还可以学会如何处理人际关系。 Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on mass media 青少年决不应当盲从大众媒体上的不良信息。7、强调句写作时为了突出句子的某一成分,常常使用强调句。 It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal 正是为了维持生态平衡,人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。 It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical 直到人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时,才意识到政府把更多的钱投入到医疗上的重要性。 Nothing in the world is more valuable than 世界上没有比健康更重要的了。8、比较句正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化,有利于提高写作成绩。 Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional (同级比较)研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。 Generally speaking, people in modern times enjoy less leisure time than they did (比较级)一般说来,现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。 Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence 与不同能力的孩子相比,聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。 Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their 与明星不同,其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。 Air is to human what (as)water is to 空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。9、插入语插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当,不仅可以增加字数,而且使文章更显地道和精彩。 Computers,most important of all,create wide communication around the 最重要的是,计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。 Providing more parking areas,in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the 从长远的利益来看,提供更多的停车位证明是许多世界大城市切实可行的出路。 Observing local culture,consciously and unconsciously,can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even 无论是否意识到,遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的机会,否则,就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。 Space exploration, some people believe,will bring some unexpected 有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。10、原因句几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此,掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。 Violent films can do harm to young people,because they contains numerous negative 暴力影片对年轻人是有害的,因为其中包含大量负面信息。 Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal 野生动物灭绝的主要责任在人类。 We should attribute(ascribe)medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the 我们应该把医学的发展归因于动物对实验做出的巨大贡献。 Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious 由于人口过剩,水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。
英语学术论文常用句型英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning In this paper。。 This paper proceeds as The structure of the paper is as In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are Details on xx and xx are discussed in later In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are Review This review is followed by an A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section In the next section, a brief review of the is In the next section, a short review of is given with special regard to Section 2 reviews relevant research related to Section 1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility