计算机发展史 计算机于1946年问世，有人说是由于战争的需要而产生的，我们认为计算机产生的根本动力是人们为创造更多的物质财富，是为了把人的大脑延伸，让人的潜力得到更大的发展。正如汽车的发明是使人的双腿延伸一样，计算机的发明事实上是对人脑智力的继承和延伸。近10年来，计算机的应用日益深入到社会的各个领域，如管理、办公自动化等。由于计算机的日益向智能化发展，于是人们干脆把微型计算机称之为“电脑”了。 计算机产生的动力是人们想发明一种能进行科学计算的机器，因此称之为计算机。它一诞生，就立即成了先进生产力的代表，掀开自工业革命后的又一场新的科学技术革命。 要追溯计算机的发明，可以由中国古时开始说起，古时人类发明算盘去处理一些数据，利用拨弄算珠的方法，人们无需进行心算，通过固定的口诀就可以将答案计算出来。这种被称为“计算与逻辑运算”的运作概念传入西方后，被美国人加以发扬光大。直到十六世纪，发明了一部可协助处理乘数等较为复杂数学算式的机械，被称为“棋盘计算器”，但这时期只属于纯计算的阶段，要到十九世纪才有急速的发展。第一代电子管计算机(1945-1956) 在第二次世界大战中，美国政府寻求计算机以开发潜在的战略价值。这促进了计算机的研究与发展。1944年霍华德艾肯(1900-1973)研制出全电子计算器，为美国海军绘制弹道图。这台简称 Mark I 的机器有半个足球场大，内含500英里的电线，使用电磁信号来移动机械部件，速度很慢(3-5秒一次计算)并且适应性很差只用于专门领域，但是，它既可以执行基本算术运算也可以运算复杂的等式。 1946年2月14日，标志现代计算机诞生的ENIAC(The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)在费城公诸于世。ENIAC代表了计算机发展史上的里程碑，它通过不同部分之间的重新接线编程，还拥有并行计算能力。ENIAC由美国政府和宾夕法尼亚大学合作开发，使用了18，000个电子管，70，000个电阻器，有5百万个焊接点，耗电160千瓦，其运算速度比Mark I快1000倍，ENIAC是第一台普通用途计算机。 40年代中期，冯诺依曼(1903-1957)参加了宾夕法尼亚大学的小组，1945年设计电子离散可变自动计算机EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)，将程序和数据以相同的格式一起储存在存储器中。这使得计算机可以在任意点暂停或继续工作，机器结构的关键部分是中央处理器，它使计算机所有功能通过单一的资源统一起来。Development of computer history Computer came in 1946， it was said to be due to the needs of the war and we have a computer that is the fundamental driving force for people to create more material wealth to the people of the extension of the brain， so that the potential for greater发展 As is the invention of the automobile is an extension of the legs， like the invention of the computer is in fact the human brain and the extension of the inheritance of Over the past 10 years， the increasing application of computers into society in various fields such as management， office automation， and so As the computer increasingly to the development of intelligent， so people just take micro-computer called the "computer" Computer generated power is an invention like to be able to carry out scientific computing machine， so call it a I was born it immediately became the representative of the advanced productive forces， since the industrial revolution opened after a new scientific and technological Retroactive to the invention of the computer， you can start from ancient China， ancient inventions of human thinking to tackle some of the data， move to and fro use of the method of counting the beads， without the need for mental arithmetic， through a fixed formula can be calculated from the This is called "calculation and logic operations，" the concept of the operation into the West after the Americans were to be carried Until the sixteenth century， the invention of a multiplier to help deal with more complicated mathematical formula， such as the machinery， known as the "chessboard calculator"， but this time only pure calculation of the stage， it is necessary to be rapid in the nineteenth century发展 The first generation of vacuum tube computer (1945-1956) During World War II， the US government to seek to develop computer potential strategic This computer has promoted the research and Howard in Aiken (1900-1973) developed a fully electronic calculator， in order to draw the US Navy ballistic This referred to as the Mark I machine half a football field， contains 500 miles of wire， the use of electromagnetic signals to mobile components of mechanical， slow (3-5 seconds， a calculation) and poor adaptability only specialized in the field However， it can perform basic arithmetic operations can be complex computing February 14， 1946， marks the birth of the modern computer ENIAC (The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in Philadelphia made ENIAC computer represents a milestone in the history of the development through different parts of the connection between the re-programming， also has a parallel computing ENIAC by the US government at the University of Pennsylvania and co-development， the use of the 18，000 tubes， 70，000 resistors， there are 5 million welding points， 160 kilowatt power， the Mark I faster than 1000 times faster， ENIAC was the first A general-purpose In the mid-40， F Neumann (1903-1957) attended the University of Pennsylvania team， in 1945 the design of electronic discrete variable automatic computer EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)， will be the same programs and data stored in the format together M This computer can be suspended at any point， or continue to work， the machine's structure is a key part of the central processing unit， it makes all the computer functions through a single unified
In recent years， many newspapers and magazines focus on the activities of film stars， pop singers and some other famous men and Reporters disguise their identities， infiltrate the subject's business and family， or even bug and wiretap them——to get the news by whatever means are It is not difficult to explain the reason for their surprising amount of interest in famous people's They are in the spotlight， renowned or notorious， they are the topic of ordinary people who like to know everything about To satisfy their curiosity， or “the people's right to know”， journalists often find it their duty to report their More over， what matters to a newspaper or a magazine is the number of A large readership means the rise in the circulation of their publications， hence a huge Since film stars and pop singers are newsworthy figures， and their stories draws far more attention than those of other people， it is natural that the press tries to attract them to buy their magazines by featuring private lives of famous How ever， those exposed people can be severely injured by such press Sensational stories about their private lives cause great unhappiness to To escape reporters， they can't even lead a normal Sometimes their lives will be in For example， Princess Diana died in a car accident as she attempted to escape photographers in a chase through P Famous people are also They have the right to keep their own privacy like ordinary people——the basic right which should be respected， protected and guaranteed by our laws in whatever
History of computer development5th century BC， Chinese invented the It is widely used in commercial trade， and this is the first calculation It’s also considered the prototype of a Until the 17th century， computing devices have a second important step In 1666， Samuel Morland who was English ，invented the addend and subtrahend 1832， Babbage and Joseph Clement made a computing It’s Size nearly as big a January 1943: In the United States， An advanced computer was developed which weighs 5 tons， 75 million These computers are mainly used in the war 1987: A supercomputer release， which can made 200 million operations per At present， the type of computer has a lot of friends， according to the computer’s processing speed classification， It can be divided into five types：supercomputers，mainframes，minicomputers，workstations and microcomputers"Who invented the computer?” The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of The development of computers reflects the wisdom of modern 译文：计算bai机的发展史公元前5世纪du，中国人发明了算zhi盘。它被广泛应用于商业贸易，这是第一次的dao计算工具。 它也被认为是一台电脑的原型。直到17世纪，计算设备的第二个重要的一步。1666年，塞缪尔·莫兰德是英国人，是加数和减数机的发明者。1832年，巴贝奇和约瑟夫·克莱门特发明了计算设备。它的大小几乎一样大的房子。1943年1月：在美国，开发了先进的计算机，它重达5吨，75万件。这些电脑主要用于在战争开始。1987年：一个超级版本，它可以每秒运算200万。目前，计算机的类型有很多朋友，根据计算机的处理速度分类，可分为五种类型：超级计算机、大型机、小型机、工作站和微型计算机。“谁发明了计算机？”真正的答案是，许多发明家计算机的历史贡献。计算机的发展，反映了现代人类的智慧。Evolution of the Computer:The first counting device was the abacus， originally from A It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was 1600s: John Napier discovers Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??1642: Blaise Pascal， a French mathematician and philosopher， invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears， called the P Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers， it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare 1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving 1812: Charles P Babbage， the "father of the computer"， discovered that many long calculations involved many similar， repeated Therefore， he designed a machine， the difference engine which would be steam-powered， fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction In 1833， Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical 1840s: Augusta A "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal 1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer 1890: D Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical， punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 US Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM)1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De F1939: D John V Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital Their machine， the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital 1941， Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996)， from Germany， introduced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering This machine， called the Z3， was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal 1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device， the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and It would presage programmable He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus， a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device， E1944: Howard Aiken， in collaboration with engineers from IBM， constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations， and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric 1945: D John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program 1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W Mauchly and J Presper Eckert， J at the University of P It used 18， 000 vacuums， punch-card input， weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot It wasn't programmable but was productive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing That same year， the transistor was invented by William Shockley， John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell L It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and 1949: Maurice V Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)， the first stored-program EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)， the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly， Eckert， and von N An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more 1950: Turing built the ACE， considered by some to be the first programmable digital
