《巴黎圣母院》The Hunchback of Notre DameThe Hunchback of Notre Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris) is an 1831 French novel written by Victor H It is set in 1482 in Paris， in and around the cathedral of Notre Dame de P The book tells the story of a poor barefoot Gypsy girl (La Esmeralda) and a misshapen bell-ringer (Quasimodo) who was raised by the archdeacon (Claude Frollo) The book was written as a statement to preserve the Notre Dame cathedral and not to 'modernize' it， as Hugo was thoroughly against Hugo finished the book just as he was running out of This tempted him to title the work What There Is in a Bottle of I[1] He eventually decided against it and called the book Notre-Dame de P English translations of the book are often titled The Hunchback of Notre Dame， which have led some to believe that Quasimodo is the main Hugo never liked this title， preferring the original Notre-Dame de P He gave this title because he considered the cathedral itself to be the main "character" of the The story takes place around and inside the church， and Hugo spent much time describing the building as well as decrying its abandonment after the abuse it suffered during the French Revolution; during the Revolution， the church had been viewed as a symbol of the old regime and was pillaged and vandalized by angry As stated by many critics and scholars， the Cathedral of Notre Dame appears to be the main setting， which is almost elevated to the status of a Indeed， the original French title of the book， Notre-Dame de Paris (the formal title of the Cathedral) shows that the cathedral (and not Quasimodo) is the subject of the The book portrays the Gothic era as one of extremes of architecture， passion， and Like many of his other works， Hugo is also very concerned with social justice， and his descriptions of religious fanaticism are also Another unique element of the book is the way in which Hugo changes the roles of protagonist and antagonist， hero and villain， between characters throughout the The enormous popularity of the book in France spurred the nascent historical preservation movement in that country and strongly encouraged Gothic revival Ultimately it led to major renovations at Notre-Dame in the 19th century led by Eugène Viollet-le-D Much of the cathedral's present appearance is a result of this In The Hunchback of Notre Dame， Victor Hugo makes frequent reference to the architecture of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in PHe also mentions the invention of the printing press， when the bookmaker near the beginning of the work speaks of "the German "Victor Hugo lived a few homes away from Victor of Aveyron， the first well-documented feral child，[2] although the inspiration for Quasimodo's character is not directly linked to
我们简单来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项：题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成，例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题目一般不应是陈述句，因为题目主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题目，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。题目中的缩略词语，已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题目中，否则不要轻易使用。另外，还要注意题目字数的限制，国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制，这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是，题目应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题目词数越少越好。摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项： 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲，就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。A．英文摘要的时态：时态运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时，用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时，用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程）。需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何，所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时，完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。B英文摘要的语态： 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。主动语态：现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。被动语态：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。C英文摘要的人称： 原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…，To study…，To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。D避免一些语法错误：冠词，主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author fabricated a new The machine is operated with solar 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an X ray…数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，比如8 turn solenoid inductor…单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为长句容易造成语义不清，但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。引言： 主要研究进展，有代表性的同行研究工作，自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足，前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献参考文献选取要有代表性，除非那种特殊专业，我觉得参考文献不要参考会议的文章，尤其那些不知名的会议文章引用。文献要尽量全面客观：不要对相似文献避而不引，或者只引别人早期的工作，这会让人感到你对该领域了解不够，甚至是有意回避，就有学风问题的嫌疑。不能过低贬低别人的研究工作，要考虑自己和别人工作的时间差，不在一个时代的研究当然不能说自己比前人好，所以英语用词要注意些，客观些。引言写作注意事项： 好的引言相当于文章成功一半，最重要是保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，层层递进关系。首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容，要尽量简洁明了。一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。其次文献的总结回顾，要特别着重笔墨来描写。一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这是两个最容易出现的问题，应该是我们要极力避免的。再就是分析过去研究的局限性，并且阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个引言的高潮所在，所以更是要慎之又慎。阐明局限要客观，在阐述自己的创新点时，要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路，并且文章摊子不要铺得太大。创新性描述得越多越大，越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。最后就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容，可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述，为引言做好收尾工作，最后对引言检查。讨论： 这部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等首先讨论要重新说明主要发现，用一个句子表示较为理想。实际上，审稿人和读者最注意研究的短处，审稿人和读者一旦发现研究的短处，而作者未加讨论，他们对文章的信任会发生动摇，心生疑窦：是否还有他们和作者都未发现的其它弱点呢？其次，将该研究与以前的工作联系起来，不炫耀自己的工作比以前的工作如何好，而是比较其优劣，与其它研究进行对照，切忌将自己的缺陷掩盖起来。重要的是应该讨论为什么会得出不同于别人的结论，如果弄不清自己的研究结果为什么与别人的结果有差别，就不该断言自己的研究结果正确，而别人是错误的。接着应该讨论自己的研究“表明”什么，如何解释自己的研究发现，以及本研究有什么意义？作者甚至可以指出研究结果证明不了什么，防止读者得出过度、不实的结论。最后，应点明哪些问题尚未解答，以及要继续做的工作，审稿人和读者都不喜欢夸大的作法。图表：清晰直观、代表性清晰直观是基础，要让审稿人和读者不看正文就明白要表达的意思，代表性无论是自己实验结果还是和别人工作的比较，都要体现重点，无关的数据不要罗列在图表。合理解释每一个参数，合理说明每一个步骤。审稿人没时间考虑细节，程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么，而不是凑数据。 没理由要找理由，有理由要强调。逻辑性：审稿人审稿时碰到作者的结论性错误，Microelectronic Engineering期刊的那篇，后来我给他指出错误并给他参考文献，不要轻易下结论，这很糟糕的。我就觉得这个作者文献还是看少了，特别是理论性的东西，所以他下错误结论。后来在修稿中改正了。 IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies的那篇，我认为作者没有好好解释实验结果，图中曲线的解释不是很好。比方说，1、2、3、4条曲线不同尺寸（1mm、2mm、3mm、4mm）出现轨迹差不多，但是第5条曲线（5mm）在x轴前半部分和其它四条轨迹差不多，但x轴后半部分曲线却异常，作者只是给出结果，但没解释，我审稿时就提出，怎么解释5mm的曲线后半部分与其它四条曲线不同，那6mm的曲线又会是什么样子？5mm是一个关键尺寸么？所以在画实验数据图时，特别注意异常点和异常曲线，要解释异常的原因，如果涉及到尺寸的曲线，还要考虑关键尺寸或者临界尺寸。 不要指望审稿人疏忽，还是要方方面面考虑文章，毕竟发文章是严格的学术活动。语法：写作时注意语言精炼准确，使用长句时不要出现语法错误，拼写错误可以完全避免的一般编辑审稿的文章，语法错误主要出现在介词、从句、对比语句和长句杂糅的错误，使用长句时注意不要让读者困惑或者产生歧义。介词比如in和on的混用，还有of和with的混用，对比语句主要是将A和B两事物，比如实验结果作对比、比较或并列，但出现了语法错误，长句杂糅主要体现在一些从句中，比如定语从句、非限制定语从句等缺少必要的主语、谓语或者其它句子成分。有些研究生说目前的感觉是没有一篇文章很顺利，感觉很郁闷，但郁闷是暂时的，后面会好起来的。特别是发第一篇外文，那种感觉我想每个研究生都会兴奋的。所以为了那种感觉，多多努力。
爱迪生 Edison Edison，Thomas Alva was an American To the creation of factory laboratories， technology development and to open up avenues of scientific research in close connection with the name lowered February 11， 1847 in the Ohio Mailan a Dutch immigrant October 18， 1931 in New Jersey Xiaolan in Produced only three months of formal education 12-year-old has done Bao Tong， hawkers， Rapporteur， to fend for Because M Faraday effect in life science research experiments and In 1868 he invented a recording device to sell to Taiwan votes Congress， but has not been Edison first invented so that he did not find the market more attention to the relevance of the 1869， Edison moved to New York from B He improved the indicators cable companies telegraph， the recognition by the manager of the company， employed 300 US dollars monthly salary (which at the time was very high salary) 1870， moved to New Jersey to begin his efficient invention 1874 improved 1876， to the Bell invented the telephone with a carbon Reap route， and raised the words 1876， founded his famous In the laboratory， he broke the previous individual scientists to engage in research tradition， organized a group of professionals (including N Tesla and others)， and the subject of his assignment， a common commitment to the invention， thus creating the correct way to modern scientific 1877， invented gramophone， which makes him 1878， the study began incandescent lamp in the 10 months after many failures， October 21， 1879 in the successful location of incandescence light lights carbon silk， stable location between two 1882， in New York pearl Street Block communal fire was the world's second plant， built in New York Urban Electric lighting， a modern electricity system to take Mar lighting achievement has not only greatly improved the working conditions of production， but also herald an era of daily life electrification 1883， Edison bulbs in a vacuum test， accidentally discovered the cold， there is a current hot This phenomenon was called the Edison effect， become electron tube and electronic 1887， from Xiaolan government， and in the same year in a larger city， the laboratory equipment is also updated the famous Edison Laboratory (later known as the invention factory) Here， according to G School invention， produced its own 1914， by Gramophone and camera film produced by the first audio Old age， his inventions and innovations including batteries， cement mixer， sound recording telephone， double - and multi-type cable system， railways used First World War， he served as Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee to guide torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment research， invented dozens of To this end， the United States government in 1920 conferred on him the Distinguished Services Medal serving， the French government awarded honorary medals to his Corps 1928， the United States Congress to grant him honorary Throughout their entire life cycle， Edison and his laboratory received 1，093 patents for their Edison invented many life， but he is after all a system of scientific knowledge， and thus to the development of modern technology can not make the right In the 19th century， the exchange of transmission system has emerged， but he still insisted on direct current transmission， and with G Westinghouse Niehaus fierce competition occurred lost Niagara hydropower project contracts; He blindly testing laboratory magnetic milling equipment， the invention Electric depletion of the funds had to be However， Edison electricity in the development， application of electric appliances manufacturing promote the contribution that he became the history of mankind's greatest inventor the
