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首页 > 期刊问答网 > 期刊问答 > 汽车材料在汽车上的应用论文题目大全及答案英文

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第一部分 摘要:随着电子技术在汽车上的普遍应用,汽车电路图已成为汽车维修人员必备的技术资料。目前,大部分汽车都装备有较多的电子控制装置,其技术含量高,电路复杂,让人难以掌握。正确识读汽车电路图,也需要一定的技巧。电路图是了解汽车上种类电气系统工作时使用的重要资料,了解汽车电路的类型及特点,各车系的电路特点及表达方式,各系统电路图的识读方法、规律与技巧,指导读者如何正确识读、使用电路图有很重要的作用。 汽车电路实行单线制的并联电路,这是从总体上看的,在局部电路仍然有串联、并联与混联电路。全车电路其实都是由各种电路叠加而成的,每种电路都可以独立分列出来,化复杂为简单。全车电路按照基本用途可以划分为灯光、信号、仪表、启动、点火、充电、辅助等电路。每条电路有自己的负载导线与控制开关或保险丝盒相连接。 关键词:电路 单行线制 系统 导线 各种车灯 目录:(1)全车线路的连接原则 (2)识读电路图的基本要求 (3)以东风EQ1090型载货汽车线路为例全车线路的认读 电源系统线起动系统线路点火系统线路 仪表系统线路照明与信号系统线路 (4)全车电路的导线 (5)识读图注意事项 论汽车电路的识读方法 在汽车上,往往一条线束包裹着十几支甚至几十支电线,密密麻麻令人难以分清它们的走向,加上电是看不见摸不着,因此汽车电路对于许多人来说,是很复杂的东西。但是任何事物都有它的规律性,汽车电路也不例外。 一般家庭用电是用交流电,实行双线制的并联电路,用电器起码有两根外接电源线。从汽车电路上看,从负载(用电器)引出的负极线(返回线路)都要直接连接到蓄电池负极接线柱上,如果都采用这样的接线方法,那么与蓄电池负极接线柱相连的导线会多达上百根。为了避免这种情况,设计者采用了车体的金属构架作为电路的负极,例如大梁等。因此,汽车电路与一般家庭用电则有明显不同:汽车电路全部是直流电,实行单线制的并联电路,用电器只要有一根外接电源线即可。 蓄电池负极和负载负极都连接到金属构架上,也就是称为“接地”。这样做就使负载引出的负极线能够就近连接,电流通过金属构架回流到蓄电池负极接线。随着塑料件等非金属材料在汽车上应用越来越多,现在很多汽车都采用公共接地网络线束来保证接地的可靠性,即将负载的负极线接到接地网络线束上,接地网络线束与蓄电池负极相连。 汽车电路实行单线制的并联电路,这是从总体上看的,在局部电路仍然有串联、并联与混联电路。全车电路其实都是由各种电路叠加而成的,每种电路都可以独立分列出来,化复杂为简单。全车电路按照基本用途可以划分为灯光、信号、仪表、启动、点火、充电、辅助等电路。每条电路有自己的负载导线与控制开关或保险丝盒相连接。 灯光照明电路是指控制组合开关、前大灯和小灯的电路系统;信号电路是指控制组合开关、转弯灯和报警灯的电路系统;仪表电路是指点火开关、仪表板和传感器电路系统;启动电路是指点火开关、继电器、起动机电路系统;充电电路是指调节器、发电机和蓄电池电路系统。以上电路系统是必不可少的,构成全车电路的基本部分。辅助电路是指控制雨刮器、音响等电路系统。随着汽车用电装备的增加,例如电动座椅、电动门窗、电动天窗等,各种辅助电路将越来越多。 旧式汽车电路比较简单,一般情况下,它们的正极线(俗称火线)分别与保险丝盒相接,负极线(俗称地线)共用,重要节点有三个,保险丝盒、继电器和组合开关,绝大部分电路系统的一端接保险丝或开关,另一端联接继电器或用电设备。但在现代汽车的用电装置越来越多的情况下,线束将会越来越多,布线将会越来越复杂。随着汽车电子技术的发展,现代汽车电路已经与电子技术相结合,采用共用多路控制装置,而不是象旧式汽车那样通过单独的导线来传送。 使用多路控制装置,各用电负载发送的输入信号通过电控单元(ECU)转换成数字信号,数字信号从发送装置传输到接收装置,在接收装置转换成所需信号对有关元件进行控制。这样就需在保险丝、开关和用电设备之间的电路上添加一个多路控制装置(参阅广州雅阁后雾灯线路简图)。采用多路控制线路系统可。 第二部分 第二部分简要介绍了全车线路识读的原则、要求与方法以及电路用线的规格。主要针对其在东风EQ1090车型 汽车电路与电器系统应用情况作了概括性的阐述。其包括了电源系统、启动系统、点火系统、照明与信号系统、仪表系统以及辅助电器系统等主要部分进行了说明。通过对东风EQ1090车型的系统学习,为以后接触到各类不同车型打下个坚实的基础。 一、全车线路的连接原则 全车线路按车辆结构形式、电器设备数量、安装位置、接线方法不同而各有不同,但其线路一般都以下几条原则: (1)汽车上各种电器设备的连接大多数都采用单线制; (2)汽车上装备的两个电源(发电机与蓄电池)必须并联连接; (3)各种用电设备采用并联连接,并由各自的开关控制; (4)电流表必须能够检测蓄电池充、放电电流的大小。因此,凡是蓄电池供电时,电流都要经过电流表与蓄电池构成的回路。但是,对于用电量大且工作时间较短的起动机电流则例外,即启动电流不经过电流表; (5)各型汽车均陪装保险装置,用以防止发生短路而烧坏用电设备。 了解上面的原则,对分析研究各种车型的电器线路以及正确判断电器故障很有帮助。 二、基本要求 一般来讲全车电路有三种形式,即:线路图、原理图、线束图。 (一)、识读电路图的基本要求 了解全车电路,首先要识读该车的线路图,因为线路图上的电器是用图形符号以及外形表示的,容易识别。此外,线路图上的电器设备的位置与实际车上的位置是对应的,容易认清主要设备在车上的实际位置,同时,也可对设备的功能获得感性认识。 识读电路图时,应按照用电设备的功用,识别主要用电设备的相对分布位置;识别用电设备的连接关系,初步了解单元回路的构成;了解导线的类型以及电流的走向。 (二)、识读原理图的基本要求 原理图是一图形符号方式,把全车用电设备、控制器、电源等按照一定顺序连接而成的。它的特点是将各单元回路依次排列,便于从原理上分析和认识汽车电路。 识读原理图时,应了解全车电路的组成,找出各单元回路的电流通路,分析回路的工作过程。 (三)、识读线束图的基本要求 线束图是用来说明导线在车辆上安装的指导图。图上每根导线所注名的颜色与标号就是实际车上导线的颜色和到端子的所印数字。按次数字将导线接在指定的相关电器设备的接线柱上,就完成了连接任务。即使不懂原理,也可以按次接线。 总上所述,掌握汽车全车线路(总线路),应按以下步骤进行: (1)对该车所使用的电气设备结构、原理有一定了解,知道他的规格。 (2)认真识读电路图,达到了解全车所使用电气设备的名称、数量和实际安排位置;设备所用的接线柱数量、名称等。 (3)识读原理图应了解主要电气设备的各接线柱和那些电器设备的接线柱相连;该设备分线走向;分线上开关、熔断器、继电器的作用;控制方式与过程。 (4)识读线束图应了解该车有多少线束,各线束名称及在车上的安装位置;每一束的分支同向哪个电器设备,每分支又有几根导线及他们的颜色与标号,连接在那些接线柱上;该车有那些插接器以及他们之间的连接情况。 (5)抓住典型电路,触类旁通。汽车电路中有许多部分是类似的,都是性质相同的基本回路,不同的只是个别情形。 三、全车线路的认读 下面以东风EQ1090型载货汽车线路为例,分析说明各电子系统电路的特点。东风EQ1090型载货汽车全车线路主要由电源系统、启动系统、点火系统、照明与信号系统、仪表系统以及辅助电器系统等组成。 (一)电源系统线路 电源系统包括蓄电池、交流发电机以及调节器,东风EQ1090汽车配装电子式电压调节器,电源线路如图。其特点如下: (1)发电机与蓄电池并联,蓄电池的充放电电流由电流表指示。接线时应注意电流表的-端接蓄电池正极,电流表的+端与交流发电机‘电枢’接线柱A或B连接,用电设备的电流也由电流表+端引出,这样电流表才能正确指示蓄电池的充、放电电流值。 (2)蓄电池的负极经电源总开关控制。当发电机转速很低,输出电压没有达到规定电压时,由蓄电池向发电机供给磁场电流。 (二)起动系统线路 启动系统由蓄电池、启动机、启动机继电器(部分东风EQ1090型汽车配装复合继电器)组成,系统线路如图。 启动发动机时,将点火开关置于“启动”档位,启动继电器(或复合继电器)工作,接通起动机电磁开关电路,从而接通起动机与蓄电池之间得电路,蓄电池便向起动机供给400~600A大电流,起动机产生驱动转矩将发动机起动。 发动机起动后,如果驾驶员没有及时松开点火开关,那么由于交流发电机电压升高,其中性点电压达5V时,在复合继电器的作用下,起动机的电磁开关将自动释放,切断蓄电池与起动电动机之间的电路,起动机便会自动停止工作。 根据国家标准GB9420--88的规定,汽车用起动电动机电路的电压降(每百安的培的电压差)12V电器系统不得超过2V,24V电器系统不的超过4V。因此,连接启动电动机与蓄电池之间的电缆必须使用具有足够横截面积的专用电缆并连接牢固,防止出现接触不良现象。 (三)点火系统线路 点火系统包括点火线圈、分电器、点火开关与电源。系统线路如图,其特点: (1)在低压电路中串有点火开关,用来接通与切断初级绕组电流; (2)点火线圈有两个低压接线端子,其中‘-’或‘1’端子应当连接分电器低压接线端子,“+”或“15”端子上连接有两根导线,其中来自起动机电磁开关的蓝色导线,(注:个别车型因出厂年代不同其导线颜色有可能不同)应当连接电磁开关的附加电阻短路开关端子“15a”;白色导线来自点火开关,该导线为附加电阻(电阻值为7欧姆左右)所以不能用普通导线代替。起动发动机时,初级电流并不经过白色导线,而是由蓄电池经起动电磁开关与蓝色导线直接流入点火线圈,使附加电阻线被短路,从而减小低压电路电阻,增大低压电流,保证发动机能顺利起动。 (3)在高压电路中,由分电器至各火花塞的导线称为高压导线,连接时必须按照气缸点火顺序依次连接。 (四)仪表系统线路 仪表系统包括电流表、油压表、水温表、燃油表与之匹配的传感器,系统线路如图所示。其特点如下: (1)电流表串联在电源电路里,用来指示蓄电池充、放电电流的大小。其他几种仪表相互并联,并由点火开关控制。 (2)水温表与燃油表共用一只电源稳压器,其目的是当电源电压波动时起到稳压仪表电源的作用,保证水温表与燃油表读数准确。电源稳压器的输出电压为64V+/-15V。 报警装置有油压过低报警灯和气压过低蜂鸣器,分别由各自的报警开关控制。当机油压力低于50~90kpa时,油压过低报警开关触电闭合,油压过低指示灯电路接通而发亮,指示发动机主油道机油压力过低,应及时停车维修。东风EQ1090型汽车采用气压制动系统,当制动系统的气压下降到340~370kpa时,气压过低蜂鸣器鸣叫,以示警告。 (五)照明与信号系统线路 照明与信号系统包括全车所有照明灯、灯光信号与音响信号,系统线路如图所示。其特点如下: (1)前照灯为两灯制,并采用双丝灯泡; (2)前照灯外侧为前侧灯,采用单灯丝,其光轴与牵照灯光轴成20度夹角,即分别向左右偏斜20度。因此,在夜间行车时,如果前照灯与前侧灯同时点亮,那么汽车正前方与左右两侧的较大范围内都有较好的照明,即使在汽车急转弯时,也能照亮前方的路面,从而大大改善了汽车在弯道多、转弯急的道路上行驶时的照明条件; (3)前照灯、前下灯、前侧灯及尾灯均由手柄式车灯开关控制; (4)设有灯光保护线路; (5)制动信号灯不受车灯总开关控制,直接经熔断丝与电源连接,只要踩下制动踏板,制动邓开关就会接通制动灯电路使制动灯发亮; (6)转向信号灯受转向灯开关控制; (7)电喇叭由喇叭按钮和喇叭继电器控制

汽车材料在汽车上的应用论文题目大全及答案英文

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工程塑料在汽车领域中的应用  工程塑料用于汽车的主要作用是使汽车轻量化,从而达到节油高速的目的。发达国家将汽车用塑料量作为衡量汽车设计和制造水平高低的一个重要标志,世界上汽车塑料单用量最大的是德国,塑料用量占整体材料的15%。近年来我国汽车产业发展迅速,目前汽车年产量超过400万辆,按照国外塑料用量预测,汽车行业年用改性塑料在50万吨以上,这其中工程塑料占了很大一部分比例,五大工程塑料性能特性各不相同,在汽车上的用途也各有偏重。  一、尼龙  尼龙主要用于汽车发动机及发动机周边部件,主要品种是GFPA6、GFPA66、增强阻燃PA6等产品。(1)在汽车发动机周边部件上的应用 由于发动机周边部件主要是发热和振动部件,其部件所用材料大多数是玻纤增强尼龙。这是因为尼龙具有较好的综合性能,用玻纤改性后的尼龙,主要性能得到很大的提高,如强度、制品精度、尺寸稳定性等均有很大的提高。另外,尼龙的品种多,较易回收循环利用,价格相对便宜等,这些因素促成尼龙成为发动机周边部件的理想选择材料。进气歧管是改性尼龙在汽车中最为典型的应用,1990年德国宝马汽车公司,首先将以玻纤增强尼龙为原料制造的进气歧管应用在六汽缸发动机上;以后美国福特与杜邦公司合作,共同用玻纤增强PA66制造的进气歧管应用在V6发动机上,以后世界各大汽车公司纷纷跟进,改性尼龙进气歧管得到广泛的应用。(2)在汽车发动机部件上的应用。发动机盖,发动机装饰盖,汽缸头盖等部件一般都用改性尼龙作为首选材料,与金属材质相比,以汽缸头盖为例质量减轻50%,成本降低30%。除了发动机部件外,汽车的其他受力部件也可使用增强尼龙,如机油滤清器,刮雨器,散热器格栅等。  二、聚酯  在汽车制造领域,PBT广泛地用于生产保险杠、化油器组件、挡泥板、扰流板、火花塞端子板、供油系统零件、仪表盘、汽车点火器、加速器及离合器踏板等部件。PBT与增强PA、PC、POM在汽车制造业中的竞争十分激烈,PA易吸水,PC的耐热性耐药性不及PBT;在汽车用途接管方面,由于PBT的抗吸水性优于PA,将会逐渐取代PA,。在相对湿度较高、十分潮湿的情况下,由于潮湿易引起塑性降低,电器节点处容易引起腐蚀,常可使用改性PBT。在80℃、90%相对湿度下,PBT仍能正常使用,并且效果很好。  GE公司的PBT/PC合金,商品名为Xenoy1731,在高级轿车中应用最为广泛;它的耐热性好,耐应力开裂,具有优良的耐磨,耐化学腐蚀性,低温冲击强度高,易加工和涂饰性好,主要应用于高档轿车保险杠,车底板,面板和摩托车护板等。  三、聚甲醛  汽车行业饰POM最大的潜在市场。POM质轻,加工成型简便,生产成本低廉,材料性能与金属相近。改性POM的耐磨系数很低,刚性很强;非常适合制造汽车用的汽车泵、汽化器部件、输油管、动力阀、万上节轴承、马达齿轮、曲柄、把手、仪表板、汽车窗升降机装置、电开关、安全带扣等。制造轴套、齿轮、滑块等耐磨零件是改性POM的强项,这些部件对金属磨耗小,减少了润滑油用量,增强了部件的使用寿命;因此可以广泛替代铜、锌等金属生产轴承、齿轮、拉杆等。POM生产的汽车部件质轻,噪声低,成型装配简便,因此在汽车制造业获得越来越广泛的应用。  四、聚碳酸酯  改性PC由于具有高机械性能和良好的外观,在汽车上主要用于外装件和内装件,用途最为广泛的是PC/ABS合金和PC/PBT合金。  (1)汽车内装件 PC/ABS合金是最适合用于汽车内装件的材料。这是因为PC/ABS合金具有优异的耐热性、耐冲击性和刚性,良好的加工流动性。也是制造汽车仪表板的理想材料。PC/ABS合金的热变形温度为110℃~135℃,完全可以满足热带国家炎热的夏天中午汽车在室外停放的受热要求。PC/ABS合金有良好的涂饰性和对覆盖膜的黏附性,因此用PC/ABS合金制成的仪表板无需进行表面预处理,可以直接喷涂软质面漆或覆涂PVC膜。  PC/ABS合金还用来制造汽车仪表板周围部件、防冻板、车门把手、阴流板、托架、转向柱护套、装饰板、空调系统配件等汽车零部件。  (2)汽车外装件 PC/PBT合金和PC/PET合金既具有PC的高耐热性和高冲击性,又具有PBT和PET的耐化学药品性、耐磨性和成型加工性,因此是制造汽车外装件的理想材料。PC/PBT汽车保险杠可耐-30℃以下的低温冲击,保险杠断裂时为韧性断裂而无碎片产生。弹性体增韧PC/PBT合金和PC/PET合金更适合制作汽车车身板、汽车侧面护板、挡泥板、汽车门框等。高耐热型PC/PBT合金和PC/PET合金的注射成型外装件可以不用涂漆。PC/PET合金可制作汽车排气口和牌照套。  PC/ABS合金也可以制作汽车外装件,如汽车车轮罩、反光镜外壳、尾灯罩等。PC/ABS具有良好的成型性,可加工汽车大型部件,如汽车挡泥板。  五、聚苯醚  改性PPO在汽车上主要用作对耐热性、阻燃性、电性能、冲击性能、尺寸稳定性、机械强度要求较高的零部件。如PPO/PS合金适用于潮湿、有负荷和对电绝缘要求高、尺寸稳定性好的场合,适合制造汽车轮罩、前灯玻璃嵌槽、尾灯壳等零部件,也适合制造连接盒、保险丝盒、断路开关外壳等汽车电气元件。  PPO/PA合金由于具有优异的力学性能、尺寸稳定性、耐油性、电绝缘性、抗冲击性。可用于制作汽车外部件,如大型挡板、缓冲垫、后阻流板等。对玻璃化转变温度要求较高的发动机罩时PPO/PA合金今后的应用方向。  PPO/PBT合金的热变形温度高,对水分敏感度小,是制造汽车外板的理想材料。  汽车行业的发展的方向是高档次、微型化、轻质化和多元化,以塑代钢在汽车应用中的研究也变的十分活跃。目前国内汽车用塑料平均占总材料的7%,德国的这一比例在15%;我们需要加大研发工作,做到配件结构的设计、塑料材质的选择和行业同步发展。
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学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考:  范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》  摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。  关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修  混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。  所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。  一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述  汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢?  首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。  其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。  再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。  二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修  我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。  1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项  普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点:  (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭;  (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的);  (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除);  (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外;  (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU;  (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电;  (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全;  (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路;  (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘;  (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障;  (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。  2、普锐斯的基本检修程序  (1)车辆进入车间。  (2)分析各户所述的故障。  (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。  (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。  (5)清除故障码。  (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。  (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。  (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。  (9)排除故障。  (10)确认故障排除。  3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修  (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。  (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查  ①检查变频器  查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。  将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。  ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作)  若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。  ③检查速度传感器  用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。  ④检查温度传感器  用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。  ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号  将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。  4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修  普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。  动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。  电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。  电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。  检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。  系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。  辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。  参考文献  [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社,  [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社,  [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养,  [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10)  [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)
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Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002
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