Western novels in comparison First， Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times， science developed， out of fear of nature， the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God"， describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified， that is China opened the world's Pan story， the story of San Juan Five Emperors， the West Greek mythology， Roman mythology， Norse mythology， and so on are all typical East and West， the original novel， is closely linked with the history， as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable， the Han dynasty in the history books， biographies， the Wei and Jin Zhi， Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon， "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic"， in ancient Greece， "Homer's epic，" "Aesop's Fables "And so on， fall into this category， fiction， novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction， it is still not the literary creation， directly from the private collection record， so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple， writing rough Ban Gu said， "On the Street Lane words， hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty， the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed， the author's ideas are more open， the legend came into being at this time， Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan"， Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret，" Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on， are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent， not just the history of the nature of things， but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline， which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"， "Outlaws of the Marsh"， "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known， there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment， it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process， the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus"， it was an open and ordinary life on the road， the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices， and gradually out a new Western novels， is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West， 14， the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control， 15， appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels， is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron"， Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical， elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge， enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels， of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust"， the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on， this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century， romantic fiction， realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels， such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris"， Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on， imaginative， unusual ideas， language and imaginative， strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life， and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens， France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society， the dark， in-depth criticism of the reality of evil， France Balzac and Maupassant， the United Kingdom of Charlotte， Bronte， Russia's Tolstoy， Dostoevsky， the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today， the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second， the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel， the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1， the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters， language and the details of the description， in contradiction to the conflict to display the images， but the character of a single， small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description， stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind， good at writing full， the changes in the strong sense of the main Again， "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts， but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent， and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character， but Jane Eyre's character is the brave， strong， warm， kind-hearted， and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short， people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2， China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns， the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous， magnificent anomaly， rigorous and clever， dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular， undulating waves， Cuoluoyouzhi， careful structure， an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions"， everywhere She Fu， Hui turning point， the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works， although there are many， but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3， concise and lively Chinese language novel， rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language， at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose， often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge， involve the community in many ways， so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics， and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4， Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult， Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame， so many great writers living， creating the conditions are not covered， many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow， and many talented writers were forced to church services， wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third， Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty， China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system， the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course， due to historical reasons， the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day， the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm， although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent， but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future， the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate， develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election，" Zhang Zhong， such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
中英饮食差异中文 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。 ENGLISH Center the western diet way has very greatly differently， thiskind of difference is also influential to the national InChina， any banquet， no matter is any goal， all only can have one kindof form， is everybody sits in a circle all round， The banquetmust use the round table， this formally has created one kind ofunity， politeness， altogether the interest The delicacydelicacies put on table of people's centers， it not only is the objectwhich table of people appreciates， tastes， also is a table of peoplesentiments exchange The people mutually propose a toast，mutually offer food to a guest， urge the vegetable， in front of thehappy thing， has manifested the moral excellence which between thepeople mutually respects， gives precedence out of Althoughlooked from the hygienic angle， this diet way has the obviousdeficiency， but it conforms to our nationality "the happy ending" theuniversal point of view， had reflected in the Chinese classicalphilosophy "and" this category to the descendant thought influence， isadvantageous for the collective emotion exchange， thus until now withdifficulty Western-style banquets， food and liquor although count for much， butin fact that takes the set- The banquet core lies in thefriendship， through with the adjacent seat visitor's betweenconversation， achieves the friendship the If and the danceresembles the banquet friendship compared to， then may say， theChinese type banquet is just like is a group dance， but thewestern-style banquet is just like is men's and women's Thus it can be seen， the Chinese type banquet and thewestern-style banquet friendship goal very is all obvious， onlyChinese type banquet more terrains now complete meal friendship， butthe western-style banquet manifests much between the neighboringguest's Is the western popular buffet is more obviouswhich with the Chinese diet way This law is: Will possessfood 11 to exhibit， everybody 各取所需， will not need to fix onthe seat eats， takes a walk the freedom， this way will be advantageousfor between individual emotion exchange， will not will certainly allspeeches to suspend on the tabletop， also has displayed the westernperson to the individuality， to the self- But respectivelyeats each， mutually did not harass， lacks some Chinese to chat thehappy altogether happy affective Therefore， in the final analysis or between perceptual and But， this kind of difference as if in the fuzziness whichchanges along with the science More and more many Chineseby no longer only pay great attention to the vegetable the color， thefragrance， the taste， but paid great attention to its health and In has experienced after in particular the non- Also， the people because of the more and more busy work， thought theChinese meal starts too troubles， was inferior to Hamburg facilitatesand so Then the difference not too was also distinct in the 论文
-- 中外文化差异比较 在开放的现代社会，跨文化的言语交际显得愈发重要，已经成为现代交际中引人注目的一个特点。交际中的文化差异随处可见，言语环境中的文化因素受到普遍重视。下面是英汉文化中十大常见差异。 1．回答提问 中国人对别人的问话，总是以肯定或否定对方的话来确定用“对”或者“不对”。如： “我想你不到20岁，对吗？” “是的，我不到20岁。” （“不，我已经30岁了。”） 英语中，对别人的问话，总是依据事实结果的肯定或否定用“Yes”或者“No”。如： “You/'re not a student，are you？” “Yes，I am．” （“No，I am not．”） 2．亲属称谓 英语的亲属以家庭为中心，一代人为一个称谓板块，只区别男性、女性，却忽视配偶双方因性别不同而出现的称谓差异。显得男女平等。如： 英文“grandparents，grandfather，grandmother”，而中文“祖辈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆”。 再如，父母同辈中的称谓：英文“uncle”和“aunt”，而中文“伯伯、叔叔、舅舅等，姑妈、姨妈等”。 还有，英文中的表示下辈的“nephew和 niece”是不分侄甥的，表示同辈的“cousin”不分堂表、性别。 3．考虑问题的主体 中国人喜欢以对方为中心，考虑对方的情感。比如： 你想买什么？ 您想借什么书？ 而英语中，往往从自身的角度出发。如： Can I help you？ What can I do for you？ 4．问候用语 中国人打招呼，一般都以对方处境或动向为思维出发点。如： 您去哪里？ 您是上班还是下班？ 而西方人往往认为这些纯属个人私事，不能随便问。所以他们见面打招呼总是说： Hi／Hello！ Good morning／afternoon／evening／night！ How are you？ It/'s a lovely day，isn/'t it？ 5．面对恭维 中国人的传统美德是谦虚谨慎，对别人的恭维和夸奖应是推辞。如： “您的英语讲得真好。” “哪里，哪里，一点也不行。” “菜做得很好吃。” “过奖，过奖，做得不好，请原谅。” 西方人从来不过分谦虚，对恭维一般表示谢意，表现出一种自强自信的信念。如： “You can speak very good French．” “Thank you．” “It/'s a wonderful dish！” “I am glad you like it．” 所以，学生要注意当说英语的人称赞你时，千万不要回答：“No，I don/'t think so．”这种回答在西方人看来是不礼貌的，甚至是虚伪的。 6．电话用语 中国人打电话时的用语与平时讲话用语没有多少差异。 “喂，您好。麻烦您叫一声王伟接电话。”“我是张英，请问您是谁？” 英语中打电话与平时用语差别很大。如：“Hello，this is John speaking．” “Could I speak to Tom please？” “Is that Mary speaking？” 西方人一接到电话一般都先报自己的号码或者工作单位的名称。如： “Hello，52164768，this is Jim．” 中国学生刚开始学英语会犯这样的错误： “Hello，who are you please？” 7．接受礼物 中国人收到礼物时，一般是放在一旁，确信客人走后，才迫不及待地拆开。受礼时连声说： “哎呀，还送礼物干什么？” “真是不好意思啦。” “下不为例。” “让您破费了。” 西方人收到礼物时，一般当着客人的面马上打开，并连声称好： “Very beautiful！Wow！” “What a wonderful gift it is！” “Thank you for your present．” 8．称呼用语 中国人见面时喜欢问对方的年龄、收入、家庭等。而西方人很反感别人问及这些私事。西方人之间，如没有血缘关系，对男子统称呼“Mr．”，对未婚女士统称“Miss”，对已婚女士统称“Mrs．”。 中国人重视家庭、亲情，认为血浓于水。为了表示礼貌，对陌生人也要以亲属关系称呼。如： “大爷、大娘、大叔、大婶、大哥、大姐等”。 9．体贴他人 在西方，向别人提供帮助、关心、同情等的方式和程度是根据接受方愿意接受的程度来定的；而中国人帮起忙来一般是热情洋溢，无微不至。例如：一位中国留学生在美国看到一位老教授蹒跚过车水马龙的马路，出于同情心，他飞步上前挽住老人，要送他过去，但是他得到的却是怒目而视。请看下面的对话： Chinese student：Mr．White，you are so pale，are you sick？ English teacher：Well．．．yes．I have got a bad cold for several days． Chinese student：Well，you should go to a clinic and see the doctor as soon as possible． English teacher：Er．．．what do you mean？ 中国人建议患上感冒的人马上去看医生，表示真诚的关心。而美国人对此不理解，会认为难道他的病有如此严重吗？因此，只要回答：“I/'m sorry to hear that．”就够了。 10．请客吃饭 中国人招待客人时，一般都准备了满桌美味佳肴，不断地劝客人享用，自己还谦虚：“没什么菜，吃顿便饭。薄酒一杯，不成敬意。”行动上多以主人为客人夹菜为礼。 西方人会对此大惑不解：明明这么多菜，却说没什么菜，这不是实事求是的行为。而他们请客吃饭，菜肴特别简单，经常以数量不多的蔬菜为可口的上等菜，席间劝客仅仅说：“Help yourself to some vegetables，please．”吃喝由客人自便自定。 可见在学习语言的过程中，不可忽视语言交际中的文化倾向，要适时导入相关的文化背景知识，以充实学习者的知识结构，提高认知能力。 %D6%D0%CD%E2%CE%C4%BB%AF%B5%C4%B2%EE%D2%EC&tn=baidusite 中外文化差异 作者：佚名 第一幕：一位学校领导向教师们介绍新来的美国老师 Ladies and gentlemen， I'm delighted to introduce to you a very pretty girl， Miss B She is a very good teacher from the USA对这番话，美国女教师一脸难堪的样子。 文化差异：中国人介绍来宾，喜欢用褒扬的话语言辞。但美国人认为，初次结识，相互介绍，不必评头论足。凡是主观性的评论，尽管是美言，也会给人唐突、强加的感觉。对以上那番话，美国女教师感到难堪的是pretty和good两个词。在那种场合，介绍应该突出背介绍人的身份、学历、职务等，而不应该是外貌和抽象的评论。相比之下，如果把pretty和good改成实际教育背景和经历，这样的介绍句比较客观，令人容易接受。比较下面改变措辞的介绍： Ladies and gentlemen， I'm delighted to introduce to you a new teacher from the USA， Miss Ann B She is a doctor of American Literature with experience of teaching English as a Foreign L 特别忠告：介绍客人要介绍客观事实，不要主观评论。要注重身份，不要着眼外貌。 第二幕：一位美国同事感冒了，中国同事表示关心 Chinese: You look What's the matter? American: I'm feeling A cold， Chinese: Go and see the Drink more Did you take any pills? Chinese medicine works Would you like to try? Put on more Have a good American: You are not my mother， are you? 文化差异：美国人比较看中个人的独立性。受人照顾往往被视为弱者。给对方出主意或提建议时，不能使对方认为自己小看他的能力。美国人对上面第一句话的反应通常是"Take care of I hope you'll be better "不必教人怎么做。中国人则以出主意提建议表示关心，而且以兄弟姐妹或父母亲人的口吻，或以过来人的口气，这对美国人行不通。 特别忠告：对病人表示关心，不必尽提建议。 特别成就感：（1）I'm sorry to hear that (you've got a bad cold) (2)I hope you'll be all right very (3)Take extra care of (4)That's too What's the matter? (5)How are you feeling now? 第三幕：有空来坐坐 一位美国教师在中国任教，中国同事总是对她说："有空来坐坐"。可是，半年过去了，美国同事从来没有上过门。中国同事又对她说："我真的欢迎你来家里坐坐。如果没空的话，随时打电话来聊聊也行。"一年下来，美国同事既没有来电话，也没有来访。奇怪的事，这位美国人常为没人邀请她而苦恼。 文化差异：中国亲朋好友合同事之间的串门很随便，邀请别人来访无需喂对方确定时间，自己去探访别人无需郑重其事征得同意。美国人则没有串门的习惯。一年内遇到大节日，亲朋好友才到家里聚一聚。平时如果有事上门，事先要有时间确切的预约。没有得到对方的应允，随时随地随便上门时不礼貌的行为。因此，美国同事对"有空来坐坐"这句话只当作虚礼客套，不当作正式邀请。无事打电话闲聊也是美国人视为打乱别人私人时间和活动安排的毛是行为。若想邀请美国人上门，应当诚意的于对方商定一个互相都方便的时间。 特别忠告：有心约会要主动约时间地点 特别成就感：（1）I'd like to make an appointment with When will you be free/available? (2) Let's get together some time next What date do you suggest? (3) How about coming to my place for dinner this Saturday? (4) I'd like to… What time would be convenient for you? (5) Would…suit you? (6) I wonder if we could arrange a meeting… (7) Do you happen to be free on…? (8) Have you got any plan for this weekend? How about…? (9) I am having some friends around during the Would you like to join us? 私的毛病在中国实在是比愚和病更普遍的多，从上到下似乎没有不害这毛病的。一说到公家，差不多就是说大家可以占一点便宜的意思，有权利而没义务了。 我们的格局不是一捆一捆扎清楚的柴，而是好像把一块石头丢在水面上所发生的一圈圈推出去的水纹。每个人都是他社会影响所推出去的圈子的中心。被圈子的波纹所推及的就发生联系。每个人在某一时间某一地点所动用的圈子是不一定相同的。我们社会中最重要的亲属关系就是这种丢石头形成同心圆波纹的性质。 亲属关系是根据生育和婚姻事实所发生的社会关系。从生育和婚姻所结成的网络，可以一直推出去包括无穷的人，过去的、现在的和未来的人。这个网络像一个蜘蛛的网，有一个中心，就是自己。我们每个人都有这么一个以亲属关系布出去的网，但是没有一个网所罩住的人是相同的。 家庭所形成的固定生活上的互助机构、关系网，与其说是团体，不如说是势力范围。所谓差序格局，具有伸缩的能力。在乡下乡土社会，家庭可以很小，而一到有钱的地主和官僚阶层，可以大到像个小国。中国人特别对世态炎凉有感触，正因为这富于伸缩的社会圈子会因中心势力的变化而大小。 西洋社会，承认的是团里的界限、进入资格。在他们那里不是认清问题，是权利问题。在西洋社会里争的是权利，而在我们确实攀关系、讲交情。 以“己”为中心，像石头一般投入水中，和别人所联系成的社会关系，不像团体中的分子一般大家立在一个平面上的，而是像水的波纹一般，一圈圈推出去，愈推愈远，也愈推愈薄了。在这里我们遇到了中国社会结构的基本特性了：伦——人与人往来所构成的网络中的纲纪。等差的次序。 在这种富于伸缩的网络里，随时随地是有一个“己”作中心的。这并不是个人主义，而是自我主义。个人是对团体而说的，是分子对全体。在个人主义中，一方面是平等的观念， 指在同一团体中各分子的地位相等，个人不能侵犯大家的权利；一方面是宪法观念，指团体不能抹煞个人，只能在个所愿意交出的一份权利上控制个人。这些观念必须先假定了团体的存在。在我们中国传统思想里是没有这一套的，因为我们所有的是自我主义，一切价值是以“己”作为中心的主义。 在差序格局中，社会关系是逐渐从一个一个人推出去的，是私人联系的增加，社会范围是一根根私人联系所构成的网络，因之，我们传统社会里所有的社会道德也只在私人联系中发生意义。 建议参看费孝通的《乡土中国》和路威教授的《文明与野蛮》
