美国奈大的功能对等理论。Nida's funtional Newmark纽马克 semantic transaltion and communicative 第一种侧重于文字意思的翻译。第二种则侧重交际意图的传达。the first focus on literal he second focus on delivering the communicative intention to target audience标准古有‘信达雅’faithfulness，expressiveness， 忠实、通顺 faithfulness and smoothfulness方法归化domestication异化foreinization加译addition，减译delection，直译literal translation，意译free translation
