政府采购 Government PurchaseGovernment Procurement 政府供应链管理 Supply Chain Management ----------------------------供应链管理环境下政府采购研究Study of government procurement in supply chain management<<科技与管理 >>2005年01期杨光华 ， 许康 ， 何康平 供应链管理为政府采购改革和发展提供新的思想和模式供应链管理环境下政府采购注重信息化、主动化、全过程的采购思想用集成式信息运作模式来解决政府集中采购供应链的复杂性采购计划、准时采购、供应商管理、信息技术为其实施的基础 --------------------Government Procurement SummaryGovernment Procurement of goods and services typically accounts for 10-15% of GDP for developed countries， and up to as much as 20% of GDP for developing In an attempt to harness this significant portion of the international economy， WTO members signed the plurilateral (only binding to WTO members who choose to sign) Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) at the Uruguay Round in The agreement was based on the 1979 Tokyo Round government procurement Currently， there are 26 signatories， including Canada， the EU， the United Kingdom and the United S[1] The rest of the signatories are predominantly developed [2]The intention of the GPA is to ensure that government decisions regarding government purchases of goods and services do not depend upon where the good is produced or the service rendered， nor upon the supplier's foreign The GPA signatories' initial step in establishing this "non-discrimination" was to create a working group at the 1996 Ministerial Conference in Singapore to investigate government procurement All WTO members were represented in this working The Working Group on Transparency in Government Procurement examines questions such as: does a particular government publish the criteria upon which it bases its procurement decisions? Does it publish the opportunities for procurement so that all suppliers know about them? Does it encourage competition among potential suppliers? After investigating these questions and others， the working group will try to create policies to open competition for government Many countries place restrictions on government procurement of both goods and services for a variety of Some will do so to encourage domestic industry， though many developing countries have limited domestic service industries， and turn to foreign service providers as a Several developed countries would like to see the GPA become a multilateral Such a step would increase market opportunities for their own firms， allowing them to bid for foreign government purchases on a "level playing " The most vocal proponents of a multilateral GPA are the US and EU Proponents of a multilateral GPA also see it as part of a "good governance" agenda for the developing world - the more transparent procurement processes are， they argue， the less opportunity there will be for corruption and rent-seeking on the part of domestic governments and [3]While these countries hope for a multilateral GPA in the future， opposition to a multilateral agreement comes from several developing countries (particularly India， Pakistan and Egypt) and relief organizations， such as O[4] These parties see the opening of government procurement not as a way to gain a "level playing field，" but rather as a situation in which developing and least developed countries are likely to lose ground to expanding industrial The developing countries and relief organizations fear that the growing industries of developing nations will be at a disadvantage if large and established foreign companies are allowed to bid for government contracts alongside their own domestic firms， leading to balance of payments In addition， other opposing countries cite government procurement laws as a restraint on their ability to address certain non-trade issues， such as the environment， ecolabelling， and human rights Currently， if a government has certain labor standards， for example， it may discourage human rights violations in the workplace by only purchasing from firms that meet their Such countries argue that if government procurement laws would eliminate their discretion in deciding similar matters， and labor standards and environmental protection， among other things， would ---------------------ProcurementPublic sector spending on goods and services across Scotland amounts to around £8 billion per Procurement guidelines govern the purchasing of these goods and services in areas such as IT and telecoms， health and education services and local The public procurement reform programme aims to drive up standards in the way the public sector procures goods and services to ensure that tax payers money is spent as wisely as
