外国语学院英语论文格式规范(附样例) A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)外国语学院 2001级英语教育1030120011XX XXX 指导老师:XXX(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……(英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。) Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, … So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999) (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前) The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, … And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)… The differences between English idioms and Chinese 1 The characteristics of English idioms(正文章节序号编制:章的编号: ,, ,…;节的编号:1,2…,1,2…;小节的编号为:1, 2…。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号) … In conclusion, …2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms … Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose …1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms …(i) … …(ii) … … Conclusion …Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号)Sanved, The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C] New York: OUP, 常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》,1993,4:44。冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》,2000,30:30。(论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;5倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)(以下内容单独一页)汉英习语的对比研究(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中)【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂…… …… ……(中文摘要:上空二行;题目采用黑体五号字,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,缩进2个汉字字符,方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号,采用楷体五号字,不加粗,单倍行距; 第二行起要顶格;字数约400字,约8-10行;)【关键词】 习语;对比;英语;汉语(中文关键词:题目采用黑体五号字,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,缩进2个汉字字符;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号,采用楷体五号字,不加粗,单倍行距;各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后不空格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距)一、 基本格式:论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上,不得打印在正反面上。论文纸的大小尺寸为A4纸打印。侧面装订。二、题名页:论文题名页上打印格式基本相近,中、英文对照,中文题目页在第一页,英文题目页在第二页。一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目,论文题目都用大写字母,下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大,再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期XX年XX月XX日以及课程名称:论文项目设计上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位。三、摘要及关键词页摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页,中、英文对照,中文题目页在上,英文题目页在下。一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印。中文题目摘要采用宋体一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用宋体,小四号。关键字题目部分采用宋体三号,加粗,关键字短语部分采用宋体,小四号。英文题目摘要采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四。四、致谢页学员可以自选致谢页,一般不要求写中文。英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,正文部分采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四。五、目录页英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,小标题部分统一采用Times New Roman字体,字号为三号,加粗。注意在右方注明对应的页号,中间虚线连接。六、正文页论文的正文需隔行打印,正文采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四。大标题为Times New Roman字体,字号为三号、加粗字。副标题为Times New Roman字体,字号为三号、加粗。七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页尾注、参考文献页与附录页(大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗)正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印,字体为Times New Roman小四。
肺部疾病肺脏本身的疾病或全身性疾病的肺部表现。呼吸系统由呼吸道(鼻、咽、喉、气管和各级支气管)和肺泡组成。肺脏是呼吸系统的主要器官,肺部疾病属于呼吸系统疾病。Lung disease or lung disease itself, Pulmonary complications of systemic Respiratory system from the respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi at all levels) and the alveolar Lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system, lung diseases are respiratory 病因 经过多年的大量调查研究,目前公认下列因素与肺癌的病因有密切关系。 (一)吸烟。烟是极酸的物质,极易导致人体酸化,酸性体质容易诱发癌症。根据各国的大量调查资料都说明肺癌的病因与吸纸烟关系极为密切。肺癌发病率的增长与纸烟销售量增多呈平行关系。纸烟中含有多种致癌物质。有吸烟习惯者肺癌发病率比不吸烟者高10倍,吸烟量大者发病率更高,比不吸烟者高20倍。 (二)职业因素。上世纪30年代文献上就有欧洲的一个矿区肺癌发病率高的报道。经过多年的调查研究,目前已公认长期接触铀、镭等放射性物质及其衍化物、致癌性碳氢化合物、砷、铬、镍、铜、锡、铁、煤焦油、沥青、石油、石棉、芥子气等物质,由于人的饮食结构和生活习惯的改变,体质酸化造成代谢循环变慢,整体的免疫机能下降,给这些放射性元素以可趁之机,诱发细胞癌变。 (三)肺部慢性疾病。如肺结核、矽肺、尘肺等可与肺癌并存,本身这些慢性病的发生就是体质酸化导致的肺部细胞感染,细胞缺氧,细胞活性降低。这些病例癌症的发病率高于正常人。此外肺支气管慢性炎症以及肺纤维疤痕病变,在愈合过程中可能引起鳞状上皮化生或增生,在此基础上,部分病例可发展成为癌症。 无论是何种诱因,其他根源都是需要大环境支持的,那就是酸性体质,体液如果是弱碱性的,那癌细胞就不会在弱碱性体液中发生。Cause After years of extensive research, now recognized as the cause of the following factors closely related with (A) Tobacco is extremely acid substances, the body can easily lead to acidification, acidic likely to cause According to national survey data showed that a large number of lung cancer and smoking cigarettes cause very close Incidence of lung cancer growth and increased sales of cigarettes were Cigarettes contain The habit of smoking lung cancer incidence rate 10 times higher than non-smokers, those smoking a higher incidence of large, 20 times higher than non- (B) occupational 30s of last century European literature, there is a mine reported a high incidence of lung After years of investigation and research, now recognized as long-term exposure of uranium, radium and other radioactive materials and their derivatives, carcinogenic hydrocarbons, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, tin, iron, coal tar, asphalt, oil, asbestos, substances such as mustard gas, due to human diet and lifestyle changes, acidic metabolic cycle slows down causing the overall decline in immune function, to those of radioactive elements in order to take advantage of the opportunity, induced (C) chronic lung Such as tuberculosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis and lung cancer and other can co-exist in itself these chronic diseases is acidic in lung cells caused by infection, hypoxia, cell activity These cases of cancer were higher than In addition, chronic inflammation of bronchial and pulmonary fibrous scar lesions in the healing process may lead to squamous metaplasia or hyperplasia, on this basis, in some cases can develop into No matter what kind of incentive, other causes are necessary to support the larger environment, that is acidic, alkaline body fluids if weak, that cancer will not occur in the weak alkaline body 肺癌是最常见的肺原发性恶性肿瘤,绝大多数肺癌起源于支气管粘膜上皮,故亦称支气管肺癌。近50多年来,世界各国特别是工业发达国家,肺癌的发病率和病死率均迅速肺癌上升,死于癌病的男性病人中肺癌已居首位。40多年前,在中国因肺部疾病施行外科手术治疗的病人中,绝大多数为肺结核,次之为支气管扩张、肺脓肿等肺化脓性感染疾病,肺癌病例为数不多。近30多年来,肺切除术的病例中肺癌逐渐增多,已跃居首位。据上海市恶性肿瘤统计资料,在男性癌肿病例中,肺癌发病率急剧增多,居第一位。Lung cancer is the most common primary lung cancer, most lung cancer originated in the bronchial epithelium, it is also known as lung Nearly 50 years, the world countries, especially industrialized countries, lung cancer incidence and mortality of lung cancer are rapidly rising, died of cancer in male patients of lung cancer ranks 40 years ago, in China for the purposes of surgical treatment of pulmonary disease in patients, most of the tuberculosis, and the next bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess and other suppurative lung diseases, few cases of lung Nearly 30 years, cases of pulmonary resection of lung cancer increased gradually, has leapt to the According to the Shanghai Cancer statistics, cancer cases in men, lung cancer incidence has risen dramatically, first 预防 病毒感染后抗体出现较迟,对控制感染作用不大。干扰素对易感细胞的病毒感染具有保护作用,有阻止病情发展和防止其播散作用。细胞免疫对某种病毒有控制作用,如白血病或何杰金病的细胞免疫缺损,很易感受疹和水痘属病毒,而对其他病毒却无易感性。目前国内已对婴幼儿广泛接种减毒麻疹活疫苗,现麻疹已极为少见,麻疹肺炎更为罕见。 人体免疫球蛋白(蛋白补充产品,蛋白补充资讯)被动免疫对易感的病人,特别是针对水痘与麻疹有一定的保护作用。特异性免疫接种对流行性感冒、腺病毒、麻疹等虽有保护作用,但不能完全防止发作。PreventionLate appearance of antibodies after infection, little effect on infection Interferon on cells susceptible to virus infection has a protective effect, to stop progression of the disease and prevent its spread Cell immunity against a virus is controlled, such as leukemia or Hodgkin's disease cell immune deficiency, it is easy to feel the rash and chickenpox is a virus, but susceptibility to other viruses Q Currently has extensive vaccination in infants with measles vaccine, measles has now extremely rare, measles, pneumonia and even more Immune globulin (protein supplement products, protein supplements information) passive immunization on the susceptibility of the patient, especially for chicken pox and measles have some Specific vaccination against influenza, adenovirus, measles, Although the protective effect, but can not completely prevent