一、研究性学习的背景及特点 从20世纪80年代末开始，世界各国开始对本国的教育系统作重大改变，教育改革的一个基本点和共同点集中在如何使本国的青少年具备21世纪所需要的“关键能力”，即用新技术获取和处理信息的能力、主动探究能力、分析和解决问题的能力、与人合作及责任感、终生学习的能力等。要培养这些能力，仅靠传统的学科和原有的学习方式显然不行。于是，project--based learning或project learning，(我国称之为“研究性学习”)，应运而生。研究性学习是20世纪80年代末以来国际教育界比较普遍推崇和实施的一种新课程。这种课程源于美国，自20世纪80年代杜威提倡“新教育”以来，美国中小学始终比较强调学校与社会、教育与生活的联系，强调学生自主地探究学习。1996年美国国家科学院推出的《国家科学教育标准》明确指出，科学探究是科学教育的核心，学校教育要把科学探究作为获取知识和认识世界的一种方法，突出了学生主动探究的学习在整个教育中的地位和作用。其他国家也在这方面表达了相同的认识。 什么是研究性学习?从广义理解，研究性学习泛指学生主动探究的学习活动，它是一种学习的理念、策略、方法，适用于学生对所有学科的学习。从狭义看，作为一门独立的课程，研究性学习指在教学过程中以问题为载体，创设一种类似科学研究的情境和途径，让学生通过自己收集、分析处理信息来实际感受和体验知识的生产过程，进而了解社会，学会学习，培养分析问题，解决问题的能力和创造能力。 研究性学习的核心是要改变学生的学习方式，强调一种主动探究式的学习，是培养学生创新精神和实践能力、推行素质教育的一种新的尝试和实践，与现有的学科相比，它有以下特点： “问题”(或专题、课题)是研究性学习的载体，整个课程主要围绕着问题的提出和解决来组织学生的学习活动 在研究性学习活动中，指导者通常不是提供一篇教材，让学生理解、记忆，而是呈现一个需要学习、探究的问题(专题或课题)。这个问题可以由展示一个案例、介绍某些背景或创设一种情景引出，也可直接提出；可以由教师提出，也可以引导学生自己发现和提出。 开放性是研究性学习在内容选择上的主要特点 在研究性学习中，问题多来自学生生活着的现实世界，内容涉及的面可以相当广泛教材、校园以外的各种教育资源，学生学习途径、方法不一，最后研究结果的内容和形式各异，它必然会突破原有学科教学的封闭状态，把学生置于一种动态，开放、主动、多元的学习环境中。 研究性学习过程主要由学生自己负责完成 研究性学习强调以学生的自主性，探究性学习为基础，在确定研究性学习的内容后，通常采用学生个人或小组合作的方式来进行，整个课程的内容、方式、进度、实施地点，最后的表现形态主要取决于学生个人或学生小组的努力。学生在老师的指导下，在规定的时间内，成为某一个研究课题的提出者、设计者、实施者，他对课程目标的达成负有主要的责任。 综合性、社会性和实践性是研究性学习内容组织时应重视的几个方面 综合性即围绕某个专题组织多方面或跨学科的知识内容，以利于知识的融合贯通和多角度、多层面的思考问题；社会性即加强理论知识与社会生活实际的联系，特别关注与人类生存、社会发展密切相关的重大问题，注意开发社区资源；实践性即在学习间接经验的同时，提供学习直接经验并在探究实践中获得积极情感体验的途径与机会。二、研究性学习设计 语法教学中的研究性学习 现行的高中英语教学中语法知识多以直接描述的方法呈现，且同一知识点分散于几个单元，这种编排虽体现了循序渐进、高复现率中加深印象的教学方法，但接触时对学生的不求甚解便可的要求无疑加重了学生的机械记忆的负担，从而减弱学生学英语的兴趣。语法是有规律性的东西，采用研究性学习让学生根据已有的初步知识自己去总结规律，在这一过程中再发现、再创造，从而培养学生的创新能力和问题意识。在教学中，教师应采用学生感兴趣的素材，尽可能多地从启发诱导入手，设计一个个有梯度、有意图的问题、逐步引导学生去归纳总结出语法知识。学生归纳正确，给予肯定，增强学生的自信心；学生归纳不正确时，分析原因，指明正确的用法，让学生在“原来如此”的情感体验中加深对此语法知识的理解与记忆；学生归纳之后，教师再给予相应的操练，以期收到触类旁通和巩固的效果。 以学习倒装为例，我采用以下步骤： 创设情景，提供材料(在幻灯片上打出下列句子) ①Here comes the The bus comes ②Out rushed the The children rushed ③LiLei rushed So did LiM LiLei rushed So LiMing rushed out ④Only then did he realize that he forgot his He realized that he forgot his bag only 出示问题：请学生仔细观察句子，分析每组句子的异同。 学生研读每个句子后，可得出如下结果：每一对句子意思都相同，但语序不同；每组的前一句都是倒装句型。(若学生首次碰到，可由教师直接告知)教师设问：何为倒装?学生归纳倒装的共性(主谓颠倒)。在学生对倒装有一定的认识之后，引导学生找疑问： Q1：倒装的作用是什么? Q2：倒装句都一样吗? Q3：在什么情况下需要倒装? 让学生把每组句子的第一句连成文章，请学生比较异同，从而回答Q1；请学生对比14两组句子，引导学生回答Q2，再观察每组句子，并且让学生研读教材上提供的例句，让学生分组讨论、总结，然后以小组为单位发言，从而回答Q3。在完成对这三个问题的回答之后，倒装作为一语法知识便已轮廓清晰、重点鲜明地凸现在学生面前。在学生归纳分析过程中，教师适当讲评、补充。这一过程始终让学生处主导地位，教师只起指导作用。 在语法教学的研究性学习中，教师应始终用问题的提出引导学生步步进入语言规律的认识，提供的素材应力求贴近学生实际富有趣味性。 总之，在高中英语教学中，本着研究性学习的特点，教师应用多尝试以问题为载体，引导学生的思维；始终以学生为主体，多创设各种合作学习的活动，让学生在讨论、合作、探究、体验中锻炼思维，培养学生学英语的兴趣和自信心，让学生在提高听、说、读、写能力的同时，养成自主学习和创新意识，从而为成为二十一世纪的主人奠定基础。
学术堂来告诉你如何在英语论文中写引言: The introductory paragraph should 1) introduce your topic; 2) grab your reader's attention; and 3) state your thesis Generally， the first sentence (often called the "hook" or "attention getter") leads into two or three sentences that give details about your Finish your introductory paragraph with your thesis 一般来说，第一段第一个句子应为引导句，之后的两三个句子则是用来铺陈关于文章主题的细节，最后再以主旨句结束你的引言段 Grab your reader's attention in the hook by asking a challenging question; beginning with an interesting and informative quote; providing a dramatic， eye-opening statement; or telling a brief， engaging
(3) social custom differences China is a by modest as a virtue of society， therefore， we accept others in praise of often take the way when We are not accustomed to accept praise and gradually formed not used to direct expression of praise custom， even if we to some things or a person be praise of While American to others the praise makes no secret of expression comes out， they become the praise of the language in the life is very important Not only in the language to express the In many of the details to life， social customs between China and the United States is very For example deal with time， the man is a strictly abide by the time In their view of talents is only keep time have the sincerity of the Their time as his own private space， early or late is to disrupt their private life And the Chinese often can understand a reason time is Treat color， holidays， and many other life The difference is very So in the business communication， these social customs between ever-present affect Three， with business in cultural differences between China and the United States communication skills (a) first， strengthen cross-cultural awareness， narrow cultural The so-called /"cross-cultural consciousness/"， which means that in different culture communication to succeed in foreign culture and enterprise to improve the sensitivity of the spirit and tolerance， understanding each other's values and behavior characteristics， to build up the atmosphere of mutual trust and For the two social system， history and culture of two very different people， we want to each other in a friendly and mutual benefit cooperation to the atmosphere in the long endure， should overcome /"national exposing falsehood/" influence， to carry forward its outstanding historical culture and at the same time， the folk custom culture absorb other countries bag， respect for understanding the rationality of the existence of heterogeneous Only narrow cultural differences， can make both sides in the commercial activity permanent harmonious (2) next， insist on their culture， compatible with other The enemy only， can ever To deeply understand the great motherland the long history of Chinese civilization， shape his descendants temperament， makes China's business workers itself is the flag of the Chinese At the same time， it should be to the United States has a profound understanding of Way can make us in the business communications avoid making unnecessary mistakes， causing damage to the people of America; At the same time also can make us /"vote for the good/"， in business communication in a favorable position， can grasp the initiative for Of course good respect American friends of the culture， custom is our own outstanding quality (3) finally， to strengthen the cultural communication and exchange， and building a global In the trend of globalization is today， no country can ignore other countries As long as there is cooperation， there are bound to be As long as there is communication， there are bound to be And cultural differences are any business communication inevitably one of the most important And the culture of any nation is not static， it will develop as The Times continuously absorb foreign culture fusion forward The commercial workers building a global culture might only in international business cooperation in a dominant position， can we make our trade really go to the In short， if you want to be successful on intercultural business negotiation， the Chinese representative should first learn how to observe the foreign culture， is good at with their own culture contrast， learn to identify， understand， accept and respect each other's Ready to two different kinds of cultural band to communicate， and learn from gradually improve their cross-cultural Next， want to abandon national center almost socialist， respect for the foreign culture and custom and Business negotiations remember hazard comment on each other's cultural Accept and respect their moral standards and Every culture has its unique features existence has its Accept they also want to avoid the cultural contact between the International business negotiations both sides from different cultures have different negotiating mode and method， different way of communication and persuade strategy， different N We can not to their own cultural background for the standard to understand and evaluate each Should according to each other's culture and formulate and revise these negotiations negotiations strategies， so as to increase the chance of reaching an Otherwise， ignore cultural differences， lack of communication， processing not will increase the difficulty of Can't even reach an agreement， the loss of business
