这是一小段，看看行吧，行我就全传给你 Organization of this text Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction， and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching 土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。 Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations． 土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。 Civil engineering and civil engineers They also build privately owned facilities such as airports， railroads，pipelines， skyscrapers， and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial， or residential use． 他们也修建私人拥有的设施，如机场、铁路、水渠、高楼大厦，和为工业、商业、民用设计的其他大型建筑。
Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame structuresJY Richard Liew a，*， H Chen a， NE Shanmugam a， WF Chen ba Department of Civil Engineering， National University of Singapore， 10 Kent Ridge Crescent， Singapore 119260， Singaporeb School of Civil Engineering， Purdue University， West Lafayette， IN 47907， USAReceived 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999AbstractThis paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame The beam–column formulationis based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements， and considers the elastic couplingeffects between axial， flexural and torsional The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately theelastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one It can also be used topredict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities， which are essential for predictingthe nonlinear behaviour of space frame The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered sothat the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per Material nonlinearity is modelledby using the concentrated plastic hinge Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to Numerical examplesincluding both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness， accuracy and efficiency of the proposedanalytical method and computer Ó 2000 Elsevier Science L All rights Keywords: Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; I IntroductionTwo-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of planeframes composed of members with compact section，fully braced out-of-plane， has been the subject for investigationin recent The theory for advanced inelasticanalysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has beenwell developed and verified by tests [1，2] These analysismethods fulfil the requirements for the prediction ofmember strength and stability， with some constraints，satisfying the conventional column and beam–columndesign limit-state Although there have beenmuch work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D framestructures， the issues related to different theoretical andnumerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiencyin solving large frameworks are not addressed Theresearch presented in this paper is an extension ofadvanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3–5]， reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisationof advanced analysis * Corresponding改进非线性塑性铰空间框架结构的分析摘要：这份研究报告表明三维的框架结构与二维逻辑性塑性铰的关联，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入横断面移动为基准，并考虑轴力、弯曲和扭力的移位之间的关系。发达的计算机程序作出通过每个物质成分作为一个基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可弯曲的负载量，它也能预报可弯曲负载量与轴向扭力和横向扭力的不稳定性的关联，这对预报非线性空间结构的作用是必不可少的，以便非线性空间结构的性能和部分成分一些原理能被输入计算机。重要的非线性通过使用浓缩的塑性铰方式被制作模型，塑性铰和成分末端是容许存在。数值的例子包括集合学和重要的非线性，两者习惯于证明目的的分析方法和电脑程序的稳定性，精确性。
大家都是搞工程的，有的是工程师，有的是未来的工程师你知道用英文怎样告诉他人，工程师和土木工程师是干什么的吗?SO，here:Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial Engineersconsider many factors when developing a new For example， in developing an industrial robot， engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot抯 components; integrate the components to produce the final design; and evaluate the design抯 overall effectiveness， cost， reliability， and This process applies to the development of many different products， such as chemicals， computers， gas turbines， helicopters， and In addition to design and development， many engineers work in testing， production， or These engineers supervise production in factories， determine the causes of component failure， and test manufactured products to maintain They also estimate the time and cost to complete Some move into engineering management or into In sales， an engineering background enables them to discuss technical aspects and assist in product planning， installation， and Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of roads， buildings， airports， tunnels， dams， bridges， and water supply and sewage They must consider many factors in the design process， from the construction costs and expected lifetime of a project to government regulations and potential environmental hazards such as Civil engineering， considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines， encompasses many The major specialties are structural， water resources， construction， environmental， transportation， and geotechnical Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions， from supervisor of a construction site to city Others may work in design， construction， research， and teaching
