直接引用直接引用指逐字逐句，一字不差，一字不漏地引用。直接引用可以证明观点或文字的权威性，可以保留所引内容的原始文字，也可以强调所引内容的准确性。直接引用时，引文要尽可能简短，如果引文过长，即超过半页，要把引文放到附录部分，并在文中说明。直接引用是引用原话，必须用引号，并且除了标明作者和出版年以外，还要标明具体页码，与数字之间有空格，如下所示：Darwin used the metaphor of tree “to express the other form of interconnectedness — genealogical rather than ecological” (Gould， 1989， 14)如果在正文中提到你要引用的作者，而且是直接引用，则需紧随其姓氏后用括号标明出版年，然后在引用的引号后用括号标明具体页码，如下所示：Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to explain the other form of interconnectedness — genealogical rather than ecological—and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” ( 14)直接引用注意事项1、双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语，如下所示正确：Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Thompson， 1981， 129)错误：Researchers claim that the ‘question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase’ (Thompson， 1981， 129)2、引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。3、引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。4、短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。正文中，括号夹注放在句末标点以内，但不得放在引文的引号以内。规范：Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain， 1988， 33)不规范：Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires ” (Fountain， 1988， 33) Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain， 1988， 33)”
[序号]主要责任者文献题名[J]刊名，年，卷(期):起止页码。例如：[1]何龄修读南明史[J]中国史研究，1998，(3):167-173。[2]OU J P，SOONG T T，et Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J]Earthquack Eng，1997，38(3):358-361。
