上汉下英 头脑风暴法在急诊死亡病例护理讨论中的应用 【摘要】 目的 提高护理人员的急救技能和护理质量。方法 将头脑风暴法应用于死亡病例的护理讨论中,充分发挥各护理人员的智慧,提出问题,解决问题。结果 头脑风暴法充分调动了护理人员的积极性,有效地提升了护理质量。结论 将头脑风暴法引入死亡病例的护理讨论中,有利于规范护理行为,保障护理安全,提高急救、护理质量。 【关键词】 头脑风暴法;死亡病例;护理讨论 Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section ZHOU J Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China 【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing 【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion 随着医疗法规的不断完善,在“以病人为中心”的呼声不断增高的今天,人们对护理质量的要求亦日益增高,在对抢救过程中规范护理行为、完善抢救技术、提高抢救质量显得尤为重要。我院按照医疗质量管理要求,结合王小花等〔1〕报道的做法,组织全体护士,用头脑风暴法对急诊死亡病例进行护理讨论,充分发挥每位护士的智慧与才能,从中寻找差距与不足,从而提高急救技能与护理质量,取得良好效果。现将体会报告如下。 1 头脑风暴法的含义 头脑风暴法(brain storming)〔2〕又称智力激励法,是由现代创造学的奠基人美国学者阿历克斯·奥斯本于1939年首次提出、1953年正式发表的激发创造性思维的方法。种方法采取会议的形式,让所有参加者在自由愉快、畅所欲言的气氛中,毫无顾忌地发表自己的观点,创造性地解决问题。头脑风暴的特点是让与会者敞开思想,激发他们的创意与灵感,使各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴,以产生多的创意。 1 头脑风暴法的原则 1 拒绝批判 认真对待每一与会者的观点,不管其意见、观点、设想、方案是否可行,会议中决不加以评论、批判。对各种观点的评判必须放到最后阶段。 2 欢迎各抒己见,畅所欲言 创造一种自由愉快、毫无拘束的气氛,激发与会者提出各种新奇的想法。 3 追求数量而不是质量 观点越多越好,每一个观点都有潜力成为好的观点。 4 取长补短和改进观念 除提出自己的意见外,鼓励与会者激发自己的灵感,对他人已经提出的设想进行补充、改进和综合。 2 头脑风暴法的基本程序〔3〕 1 确定议题 会前明确目标,阐明议题,使与会者明确该会议要解决的问题。 2 会前准备 准备会场、组织者、记录人及必要的工具。会前可收集一些资料发放给与会者,使其了解议题的相关背景,以便有充裕的时间来思考。 3 确定人选 一般以8~12人为宜,也可略有增减(5~15人)。 4 明确分工 确定1名主持人,1~2名记录员(秘书)。 5 规定纪律 根据头脑风暴法的原则,规定几条纪律,要求与会者遵守。 6 掌握时间 会议时间由主持人掌握,以几十分钟为宜。 2 头脑风暴法在病例讨论中的应用 1 病例资料 选取2005年8月~2006年4月急诊的25例死亡病例,采用头脑风暴法进行护理讨论,男17例,女8例;年龄2~88岁。其中15例车祸死亡,3例脑出血死亡,3例心肌梗死死亡,2例失血性休克死亡,1例糖尿病酮症酸中毒死亡,1例误服药物死亡。 2 方法 1 讨论制度 建立死亡病例讨论制度,每月1次,并做好死亡病例讨论记录。 2 讨论前准备 讨论前布置好会场及相关用物,并将该患者的姓名、性别、诊断、病情、抢救过程做成资料,提前发送给每位与会人员。 3 参加人员 由护士长主持,教学干事记录,科内全体护士参与。可邀请科主任、护理部领导参加。 4 讨论形式 护士长宣布会议须遵守的纪律,创造自由愉快的会议氛围,鼓励每位与会护士就议题积极发表自己的观点,放飞思维,畅所欲言,做到知无不言、言无不尽,尽可能多地提出观点。由当班护士汇报病情、诊断、抢救过程,与会者展开自由不羁的讨论,教学干事负责记录讨论要点。会中不对任何一个人的观点提出评论性批判。 5 讨论内容 各与会护士从不同角度、不同层次、不同方面去分析抢救过程中遇到的问题。如:护士自身的急救技能,护患配合,医护协作,与其他科室的协作,家属配合情况,患者的心理反应,护士的心理素质,抢救仪器的备用状态,抢救药物和物品的备用情况,抢救记录的书写,尸体料理等。 3 效果及体会 1 激励了护士的工作热情,提高了护士学习业务知识的进取心 头脑风暴法这种自由畅谈的会议方式为每位与会护士提供了一个展现自我的平台,让其在自由愉快、毫无拘束的氛围中大胆表达自己独创性的观点与看法,提高了每位护士的主人翁意识,大大地激励了其工作热情。而这种自由不羁的讨论方式更能让护士发现自身素质的有限,从而激发其不断的充电学习以提高自身的业务水平。 2 提高了护士观察病情的能力及急救技能 灵活的讨论方式产生了大量的来自不同角度和层面的观点,这些观点是每位护士在抢救工作中的心得与经验,促使每位护士在以后的工作中更密切地观察患者病情,加强各项急救技能的训练,促使以后的抢救工作忙而不乱、有条不紊,从根本上提高抢救及护理质量。 3 提高了年轻护士的心理素质和心理护理水平 年轻护士由于资历较浅,缺乏抢救经验,在抢救重危患者时难免紧张。活跃的讨论是年轻护士学习的平台,她们参考了资深护士的工作经验,更好地将理论联系实际,加强自身修养,急救技能与心理素质并重训练,不断完善自身的心理素质,在抢救过程中注意患者的心理护理,保证抢救工作有条不紊。 4 培养了护士的创造性散发性思维 用头脑风暴法进行病例的护理讨论,每位与会护士不受条条框框的限制,让思维自由驰骋,活跃的讨论方式激发了护士的灵感,勇于发表自己的观点与见解,培养了护士灵活的思考能力,并将这种灵活的思维方式运用于护理工作中,规范护理行为,有效提高护理质量。 5 提高了护士的自我保护意识,避免护理纠纷 抢救过程紧张急迫,护理人员往往注重急救,而对抢救记录不够重视,为护理纠纷埋下了隐患。护理记录是具有法律效应的医疗文件,在实行举证倒置的今天,完善抢救记录,对护理人员有保护作用,避免护理纠纷或在护理纠纷时不处于被动地位,而客观的抢救记录也是保护患者合法权益的依据〔4〕。通过护理讨论,护理人员能从法律的高度认识到护理职责,提高自我保护的意识,完善抢救记录书写。 6 提高了管理者对下属护士业务水平的了解程度 护士畅所欲言的讨论中透示了其护理工作中的实际问题及其自身的综合素质和解决实际问题的能力,护士长可更确切地了解护理工作中的缺陷和薄弱环节,了解下属的不足与长处,有针对性的让其进行培训或进修,打造TOP团队,有利于流畅管理工作。 3 讨论 日本石川馨教授指出:在质量管理活动中调动人的积极性,充分发挥人的无限能力,创造尊重、充满生气和活力的工作环境,有助于提高企业素质〔5〕。运用头脑风暴法,能充分发挥人的聪明才智和发掘人的潜能,考虑问题更详细,解决问题更具体、明确、有效〔6〕。自由的讨论方式引导护理人员毫不拘束地发表自己独到的见解,调动了每个人的积极性,培养护理人员的创新性散发性思维,让其自我价值得到充分实现,提高了自身的素质。集体的智慧能从各层面发现问题所在,并确定整改措施,从而提高护理人员的急救技能,规范抢救过程中的护理行为,最终有效提升护理质量。 【参考文献】 1 王小花,丁小容,王英蓉28例死亡病例护理讨论分析护理学报,2006,13(2):32- 2 薛亮妙用头脑风暴法企业研究,2005,5:61- 3 柯浚哲头脑风暴法中国研究生,2003,4:50- 4 胡敏,王敏,李玉梅通过病例讨论有效规范临床护理行为的探讨上海护理,2005,5(4):61- 5 蒲伦昌全面质量管理基础教程北京:中国经济出版社,1999, 6 黄漫容,文向东,郭少云头脑风暴法在护理质量改善中的作用现代护理,2002,8(9): Brainstorming in the deaths of emergency care to discuss the application Abstract The purpose of the emergency nursing staff to improve skills and quality of Brainstorming ways to apply the death care discussion, and give full play to the wisdom of the nursing staff, ask questions, solve the The results of brainstorming to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the nursing staff, to enhance the quality of Conclusions will be brainstorming the introduction of the death care discussion will help standardize care, care and protection of safety, first aid to improve, the quality of Key words brainstorming; deaths; care discussion Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section ZHOU J ZHOU J Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China Nursing Section, Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 201600, China 【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing Abstract】 【Objective to improve the first � aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases, all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses � positivity, as a result, nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity, ensuring nursing safety, enhancing first � aid skills and nursing 【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion Key words】 【brain storming; dead cases; nursing discussion With the constant improvement of medical laws and regulations, the "patient-centered," the voice rising today, about the quality of care requirements are also increasing in the rescue of the process of standardizing care, improve the technical Rescue and improve the quality of rescue is particularly I Hospital medical quality management in accordance with the requirements of the combination of flowers such as Wang 〔〕 1 report, the organization of all nurses, with brainstorming on emergency care for cases of death, nursing each give full play to the wisdom and ability, to look for gaps and shortcomings So as to enhance the quality of care and first aid skills, good The experience of the report are as 1 brainstorming meaning (brain storming)Brainstorming (brain storming) 〔〕 2, also known as the Law on intellectual stimulation, by the founder of modern science to create an American scholar Alex Osborne in 1939 for the first time, officially released in 1953 to stimulate creative thinking M 种Ways to take the form of the meeting, all participants in the free happy and free atmosphere, with impunity to express their views in a creative way to solve the Brainstorming is characterized by open so that the participants thought, a creative mind and inspiration, so that the ideas in a collision with each other in the storm stirred up the creative minds to produce more 1 brainstorming principles 1 refused to take seriously the criticism of each participant's point of view, regardless of their opinions, views, the idea of the feasibility of the program, the meeting will not comment, Various points of view must be judged on the final 2 welcome to express their opinions and speak their minds free to create a happy atmosphere, there is no binding, was put forward to stimulate a variety of novel 3 pursuit of quantity rather than quality, the better the view, every point of view has the potential to become a good point of 4 In addition to each other and improve the concept put forward their views, was encouraged to stimulate their own inspiration to others that have already been made for the idea to add, improve and 2 brainstorming basic procedures 〔〕 3 1 will determine the issues before the clear objective of clarifying issues, so that the meeting was a clear problem to be 2 will be pre-prepared meeting, the organizers, and record the necessary Can be pre-paid to collect information on some of the participants to understand the issues related to the background in order to have sufficient time to 3 General to determine the candidates for 8 to 12 is appropriate, but also a slight increase or decrease (5 to 15) 4 to determine a clear division of presenters, from 1 to 2 recorder (Secretary) 5 According to the disciplinary provisions of the principle of brainstorming, several provisions of discipline and compliance with the requirements of the 6 make good use of time from host Conference have to dozens of minutes is 2 brainstorming in the case on the application 1 cases selected information in August 2005 to April 2006 deaths of 25 emergency cases, the use of brainstorming for care, male 17 cases, 8 females; age 2 to 88 years 15 cases in which a car accident deaths and 3 cases of cerebral hemorrhage died and 3 cases of heart attack deaths, 2 cases of hemorrhagic shock death, 1 case of death of diabetic ketoacidosis, 1 case of drug wrongly 2 Methods 1 discuss the establishment of deaths on the system monthly, and do a good job deaths on 2 discuss the pre-pre-arranged to discuss the venue and well-used and the patient's name, sex, diagnosis, the patient's condition made the rescue process information sent in advance to the participants 3 participants chaired by the head nurse, teaching record of the Director-General, Division of the nurses involved in Director of the Division may be invited, to participate in the leadership of the Department of N 4 The meeting was to discuss the form of a head nurse subject to discipline, the freedom to create a pleasant atmosphere of the meeting, the participants encourage each nurse on the positive issues to express their point of view, flying ideas, speak out, so that made all know, reserve, to make More likely to put forward the By the nurses on duty to report the disease, diagnosis, emergency treatment process was carried out free of uninhibited discussion, Director-General in charge of teaching record the main points of Will not in any one's point of view of critical 5 discuss the contents of the nurses attending the meeting from different angles and at different levels, different aspects of the rescue process to analyze the problems Such as: nurse's own first-aid skills, with nurses and patients, health care, in collaboration with other sections of cooperation, their families cope with the situation and the psychological reaction of patients, nurses and mental quality of the standby rescue equipment, medicine and rescue back-up materials, rescue Written records, body care and so 3 and the effect of experience 1 inspire the enthusiasm of nurses, nurses study to improve the knowledge of the entrepreneurial spirit of the brainstorming meeting about this freedom for every Nurses attending the meeting provided a platform for self-display, so happy in a free, no Bound in an atmosphere of daring to express their unique perspectives and viewpoints, and increased the sense of ownership for each nurse, greatly inspired the enthusiasm of their And uninhibited discussion of this freedom can be more nurses found that the quality of their own limited, so as to stimulate the constant charge of their own learning in order to enhance the level of 2 improves the ability of patients to observe nurses and first-aid skills in a flexible way to discuss a number of different angles and dimensions from the point of view, the view is that every nurse in the rescue work experience and experience to every nurse in the After work more closely observed in patients with the disease and strengthen the first-aid skills training to help the rescue work after the chaos without, in an orderly and fundamentally improve the quality of care and emergency 3 improved the quality of the young nurses in mental and psychological level of care young junior nurses due to lack of experience of rescue, emergency treatment in critically ill patients when the tension is Active discussion is a platform for young nurses to learn, they refer to the senior nurses working experience, will be to better integrate theory with practice and strengthen their own training, first aid skills with equal emphasis on psychological training, and constantly improve the psychological quality of their own, in the course of rescue Attention to the patient's psychological care to ensure the orderly rescue 4 trained nurses in the distribution of creative thinking by brainstorming for care cases, each participating nurses from outside the box, allowing freedom of thinking, he said, to stimulate active discussion of the nurse's inspiration, the courage to express their With the view point of view, the training of nurses and flexible thinking and flexible way of thinking applied to nursing work, standardize care, improve the quality of 5 increased self-protection awareness of nurses, nursing dispute to avoid tension in the process of urgent rescue, first aid care workers often pay attention to, and the records do not pay enough attention to the rescue, care for the dispute potential 〔4〕。 Nursing is a record of the medical effects of legal documents, as a result of today, the Juzhengdaozhi, improve emergency treatment records, a protective effect on the nursing staff so as to avoid disputes or nursing care in the dispute are not in a passive position and objective record of the rescue is to protect legitimate patients 4 based on the rights and interests of Through care, nursing staff from a high degree of awareness of the legal duties of care to enhance self-protection awareness and improve the written record of the 6 improved the nurse manager of the subsidiary business of the level of understanding of the extent of nurses speak out on the show through in the care of their practical problems in its own comprehensive quality and the ability to solve practical problems, the head nurse can be a more precise understanding of Deficiencies in the care of the weak links and, under the understanding of the strengths and shortcomings, targeted to education or training, to build TOP team is conducive to smooth 3 discussion Professor Shi Chuanxin Japan: in quality management activities to mobilize the enthusiasm of the people and give full play to people's unlimited ability to create respect, full of life and vitality of the working environment and help enterprises to improve the quality of 〔6〕。 The use of brainstorming, to give full play to human ingenuity and explore human potential, to consider the issue in more detail, to solve the problem more specific, clear and effective The free discussion guide nurses not to be bound to express their original insights, the mobilization of everyone's enthusiasm and training of nursing staff to disseminate innovative thinking, self-worth to be fully realized, to improve the quality of their The collective wisdom of all levels can find the problem and to identify reform measures to improve nursing skills in first aid, rescue norms in the process of care, effectively enhance the quality of References 【】 1 Wang Xiao-Hua, Ding Xiao-rong, Wang Rong 28 cases of deaths in nursing analysis of the Journal of Nursing, 2006,13 (2) :32- 2, Xue L Magical ,2005,5:61-62 research 3, Ke Jun- B ,2003,4:50-51 Chinese graduate 4, Hu, Wang, Li Y Discuss the case through the effective norms of conduct of clinical Shanghai care, 2005,5 (4) :61- The basis of total quality management Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 1999, 6 Huang Yong Man, the east, Shao-Yun G Brainstorming to improve the quality of care in the Modern care, 2002,8 (9):
老年糖尿病患者的自我管理能力研究进展摘要:糖尿病随着近年来生活水平的不断提高,糖尿病的患者几乎成为了中国患者的主流。而糖尿病的危害也在日趋严重,它可能会导致以酮症酸中毒为代表的急性并发症和慢性并发症,包括整个视网膜的病变和神经病变,有血管病变引起的下肢截瘫等严重后遗症。本文从糖尿病的病因切入,了解糖尿病的爆发原因以及临床症状,社会发展糖尿病的分类的具体化,不同类型的不同表现与原因。普及糖尿病临床的治疗方法与注意事项,更是强调糖尿病患者自我护理的重要性,对此,我们对于糖尿病未来的预防和治疗,要更加的努力钻研。关键词:糖尿病自我管理、糖尿病分类、防治方式、未来展望Abstract: With the continuous improvement of living standards in recent years, diabetes patients have almost become the mainstream of Chinese The harm of diabetes is becoming more and more It may lead to acute complications and chronic complications such as ketoacidosis, including retinopathy and neuropathy, paraplegia caused by vascular diseases and other serious This article starts from the etiology of diabetes, to understand the causes of the outbreak of diabetes and clinical symptoms, the classification of social development diabetes, different types of different manifestations and To popularize the clinical treatment methods and precautions of diabetes, we should emphasize the importance of self-care of diabetes For this, we should make more efforts to study the prevention and treatment of diabetes in the Key words: diabetes self-management; diabetes classification; prevention and treatment; future prospect目录1糖尿病病因以及患病比率11型糖尿病22型糖尿病1遗传易感性2胰岛素抵抗(IR)和B细胞的功能缺陷3糖耐量降低(TGP)和空腹血糖4临床糖尿病3妊娠糖尿病等等63非科学性糖尿病自我管理的列举和纠正1认识错误2饮食问题3 运动问题4 心理健康84糖尿病自我管理的重要性和展望95糖尿病自我管理不当对老年人的生活响10老年人是指步入65岁之后的群体,不同于青壮年时期的身姿矫健,老年人在身体的各个部分都出现了难以逆转的损伤,生理机能逐渐退化,列如消化系统和代谢功能的衰退。由于老年人身体素质的羸弱,增大了老年人患病的几率,尤其是在老年人群体中高发病率的糖尿病患病率首当其冲,每年患糖尿病的老人人数占老年人总人口数量的26%,且这个数据近几年不断上涨,更加醒目的数据是每年大约有近130万老年人由于糖尿病去世。随着老年人生活质量的提高和运动量的减弱,糖尿病的患病率[1]不可小觑,况且糖尿病对不少的老人造成了极大的身心痛苦,也对这些家庭有着不小的经济负担。然而糖尿病此类慢性病,一蹴而就的治疗方式并不存在,它更大程度上要求老年人的自律和自我健康管控,需要长此以往的进行与糖尿病的斗争。一、糖尿病病因以及患病比率糖尿病是一种以高血糖为主要特征的代谢性疾病群,由于胰岛素的分泌绝对不足或者相对不足,引起的机体血糖升高的一系列代谢性疾病。患有糖尿病之后具有一些典型特征:多尿、多饮、多食与体重减轻之类,这些方法是判断老年人是否患糖尿病的一个参考方法。准确的检验和判断老年人是否换糖尿病的方法有三种,第一种是连续检测两次老年人空腹静脉血糖,观察是否大于等于0mmol,第二种是观察老年人餐后血糖大于等于1mmol / l ,最后一种是老年人血糖不论任何时候都大于等于1mmol / l 。老年人一旦出现以上三种检测结果,应立即就医,谨遵医嘱,做到及早发现及早治疗。同时,胰岛素是从胰岛素原分解的,每当一个胰岛素分子产出,同时一分子的C-肽也应运而生。C-肽能够检测自身胰岛素分泌的情况,对鉴别不同类型的糖尿病有极大的帮助。根据世界卫生组织的相关报告,2019年全世界约有82亿人口患有糖尿病,其中中国糖尿病患者的人数就有144亿,位居世界糖尿病患者人数之最。2008年我国的成人中糖尿病患者占据了7%,2010年上升至6%,多么触目惊心的证据,而且糖尿病患者的人数仍然日趋增长,基于此数据,有众多学者预测2030年,全球糖尿病患者将高达784亿,2045年继续上涨,最有可能达到002亿,这是一个怎样的概念呢?就2019年的数据计算大约11人中有1 人为糖尿病患者,而就2030年数据计算大概每9 人中将有1名患有糖尿病。2045年呢?长此以往糖尿病的可怕性不言而喻。而我们更应该清楚的知道糖尿病作为一种慢性疾病,治疗的难缠的会对患者家庭造成多大的经济困扰,会有越来越多的人和家庭由于糖尿病这个恶魔渐入困顿,甚至于分崩离析。糖尿病除去其自身病因的侵扰,不可忽略的是它多样的并发症,涉及之广小到糖尿病神经病变,大到心血管疾病等等,无法彻底根治。据现有资料分析、可得出结论,糖尿病患者中最终会由于各种原因,约15%的糖尿病患者将患发糖尿病足病,在这其中约80%的糖尿病足病患者可能由于此病导致截肢,而且糖尿病患者下肢截肢的危险性是非糖尿病患者的15倍以上[2]杜绝此类病情的主要方法就是本遍论文的研究重点和意义即糖尿病的全面认识和自我管理方式方法。二、糖尿病的分类糖尿病是肾上腺素分泌不足的一类统称。实际上糖尿病的分类可以大概分为三类。(一)1型糖尿病该类型的病因是由于胰岛B 细胞的破坏或者功能不完善造成的胰岛素分泌不足,从而产生的糖尿病酮症酸中毒。1型糖尿病是由于机体胰岛素分泌的绝对不足,所以治疗1型胰岛素口服药物完全无效,只能通过终生注射胰岛素来对人体进行胰岛素的补充。对1型胰岛素二次分类存在自身免疫性与特发性,而自身免疫性糖尿病又因为发病时间的迟早分为急发性和缓发型。急发性糖尿病通常在青少年期就已见端倪,易发生糖尿病酮症酸中毒。缓发型又称成人晚发型自身免疫性糖尿病,通常在20-48岁之间发病。(二)2型糖尿病2型糖尿病是糖尿病分类中发病率最高的糖尿病类型,高达95%的发病率。其发病基础具有明显遗传基础、胰岛素抵抗和B 细胞分泌异常。但究其病因主要可以从遗传、饮食不当造成的身体负荷加重、运动量过少、生活压力过大,过量饮酒分析,该类型糖尿病发病阶段分为四个阶段[3]:①遗传易感性:在遗传特性的基础下,它更多的发病诱因是环境因素。可以从人口老龄化,人体肥胖症、运动量减少、压力骤增等等因素入手,迫使糖尿病的遗传基因进行激活。②胰岛素抵抗( IR ) 和B 细胞的功能缺陷胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌不足是一个长此以往的诱因,作为2型糖尿病病发的两个主要因素,它们在糖尿病病发之前已经潜伏多年,寻找机会伺机而动。③糖耐量降低( TGP )和空腹血糖调解受损( IFG )一般 TGP 更多的是糖尿病前期的表现,具体为葡萄糖不受耐的类型之一;IFG 是一类非糖尿病性空腹高血糖,通过其血糖浓度高于正常值,但低于糖尿病的判断值。这两者均代表了正常葡萄糖稳态和糖尿病的高血糖之间的代谢状态,表明其调解受损。④临床糖尿病在该阶段糖尿病对机体的侵蚀速度加快,但由于各自机体情况不同,有的机体无明显的症状,有的或伴随出现代谢紊乱症侯群,还有甚着出现糖尿病的并发症。此期,胰岛分泌功能渐渐败下阵来,分泌功能降低,胰岛素抵抗能力加强,外周组织器官列如脂肪组织、肌肉组织对胰岛素的敏感性有着明显的降低,葡萄糖摄入利用量不足,胰岛素对肝脏葡萄糖输出抑制减弱,葡萄糖外输情况严重,从而引起餐后血糖升高,及空腹、餐后持续高血糖。严重时或出现胰岛B细胞功能衰竭,基础胰岛素分泌不足患酮症[4]。(三)、妊娠糖尿病等等 此类糖尿病的发病期集中在妊娠期,孕期控制饮食、适当运动即可避免[5],即使此类糖尿病在分娩期之后就会恢复,但存在22%-50%的孕妇会发展成2型糖尿病,且当孕妇再次妊娠时有50%的可能性复发[5]。妊娠糖尿病的另一方面不得不强调说明,孕妇在孕期如若血糖控制不良,极有可能使得孩子患有糖尿病、肥胖症等代谢综合征[6]。 三、非科学性糖尿病自我管理的列举和纠正糖尿病的自我管理必须依从于一个科学合理的防治计划,合理的计划将在糖尿病的防治行动中事半功倍,但一个不合理的自我管理必将使患者坠入深渊,加重病情,导致糖尿病的并发症发生[7]。因此,对糖尿病自我管理的误区进行整理,并加以指导和纠正,能大大避免非科学性糖尿病自我管理,对患者以及家属将起到极大的帮助[7]。(一)认识错误据2017公布的一组数据而言,在中国平均每30秒就会有一个人罹患癌症,平均每30秒就有一个人患糖尿病,平均每30秒,至少有一个人由于心脑血管疾病死亡,所以这也造成了另一个局面,一部分患者和患者家属介怀,对糖尿病存在认知误差 ,认为一旦患有糖尿病就是被判了死刑,从而放弃治疗,导致糖尿病得不到有效抑制,错过治疗的黄金时段[8]。另一部分患者由于自身糖尿病无明显症状,觉得“没关系”,“我没病,吃嘛嘛香”因此在糖尿病初期不甚在意,延误治疗。更有患者在使用过药物后,糖尿病在短期内得以控制,就放弃继续治疗,认为自己已经痊愈,殊不知这样做将面临更严重的后果[9]。(二)饮食问题糖尿病患者在日常饮食中一定要注意均衡饮食,搭配合理,患者每天摄入的热卡主要由碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪这三大供能物质提供[10],除此之外,人体内另一部分物质:水、微量元素、维生素、矿盐等作为辅助物质用以均衡机体营养。但部分悲观患者认为余下的时光所剩无几,从而大吃特吃,认为不应该“亏待”自己;也有患者采用饥饿式疗法,造成营养缺失,其实以上两种心理认识都是不全面、不正确的,糖尿病患者是需要控制摄入量但并不意味着糖尿病患者要背负节食的枷锁[11]。由于糖尿病患者每天摄入的热卡要基本维持不变,部分患者为了不出错的或许会选择一成不变的饮食物质,忽略饮食的多元性[12],一味的盯住一样,造成患者的厌烦情绪,在糖尿病的饮食管理中在保障摄入热卡不变的条件下,可以对患者饮食进行变动[13]。同时不应该对饮食时间没有规划,进食时间和进食量不规律对糖尿病患者的自我管理极大不利。糖尿病患者要捉到少食多餐,餐餐定时定量,戒烟戒酒[14]。运动问题 由于老年人的身体难以经受高强度的运动量,所有越来越多的老年人选择了居家休息,但科学调差显示适当的运动将有助于老年人的身体健康,对于糖尿病人呢?2018年5月9日昆明新华社报道:中科院科学家通过四年时间进行了猕猴实验,此实验最终数据结果揭示了肥胖是导致糖尿病的罪魁祸首,印证了糖尿病发病的独立且危险要素是糖尿病。该成果已在国际期刊《美国生理学-内分泌及代谢》上发表。中国科学院昆明动物研究所研究员梁斌如是说道,肥胖与糖尿病的关联简而言之就是由肥胖转为糖尿病过程中,人体肝脏能量代谢出现了转变,脂肪积累到支链氨基酸降解”。由此建议糖尿病患者运动要进行运动,比如一些强度小的有氧运动,散步、太极、空竹、广场舞等运动,相比较蜗居在家,外出运动对糖尿病患者的身心健康都有着极大的帮助[15]。但一部分患者对自己的身心素质有着很大的自信,可能会选择引体向上、俯卧撑等一类力量性运动,但这是非常不理性的。据医学数据分析,力量性运动通常会对患者的心脏负荷在短时间内会有明显的加强,极有可能引发心脏病[16]。心理健康据科学分析部分糖尿病患者由于患有糖尿病之后,心理上产生抑郁倾向,且精神病患者患抑郁症的几率远大于普通人,这一点在老年糖尿病患者中尤为明显。特别是由于病情出现反反复复,患者可能出现疲于人际交往,疲劳嗜睡,食欲不振甚至于破罐子破摔的心理,但更多的由于我们不能与患者感同身受,所有我们很难理解糖尿病患者的心理变化,继而忽略。患者一旦出现不遵医嘱、抵触治疗的倾向,其家人往往难以理解,造成患者与家人的矛盾,使患者的情绪雪上加霜[17]。在糖尿病患者的日常治疗中,可以适当加入心理治疗,减轻糖尿病患者的心理负担。在日常生活中患者与家人的交流也必不可少,这两者齐头并进能很大程度上对患者的内心世界了深入的了解,继而解决患者的心理问题[18]。糖尿病自我管理的重要性和展望 迄今为止糖尿病的发病率和伤残率仍旧只高不低,难以根治,但一个合理、可行性高的糖尿病自我管理体系将有效的抑制糖尿病的发病率,糖尿病患者自我管理是一套基于患者层面的社会生态模式,其目的在于控制糖尿病画着的血糖,以达到稳定病情的目的,防治糖尿病并发症。通过糖尿病的自我管理方式可以改善患者的健康状况,提高患者的幸福指数[19]。 目前的糖尿病自我管理主要分为四类,饮食管控、运动管控、心理检查和药物管理。基于药物管理,即谨遵医嘱的条件下,对患者展开自我管理。经由科学研究证明自我管理系统的完善与否直接于患者生命时长挂钩。因此对于糖尿病的治疗更多取决于生活中的自我管理[20]。 糖尿病的治疗过程我们一定要积极动员身边的一切社会资源,为糖尿病患者营造一个高效便利的方式,使患者有足够的空间与医疗水平去完善自我管理[21]。在医疗层面上,应当分配更多的资源给予糖尿病患者,加强治疗糖尿病新药的研究和临床试验,将中草药、西药混合研究,探索道路,也要考虑到人工智能,或许它也能帮助我们攻克糖尿病,避免未来糖尿病成为困扰中国社会的疑难杂症;在社会层面上,给予糖尿病患者更多的帮助,对糖尿病患者的家庭经济负担进行帮扶、对患者进行心理治疗;同时,加大对糖尿病的宣传,让普通民众对糖尿病的有一定程度的了解,做到及早发现、及早防治[22]。而且为一些有患者的家庭提供了一些自我管理参考,避免由于知识盲区对患者的管理出现偏差。随着全球乃至我国的医疗水平发展日趋上升,对糖尿病的治愈方式也会有很大的提升,通过患者家庭的积极监督和患者的自我管理,社会各界的共同努力,为糖尿病患者创造良好的医疗条件,在我国的糖尿病患者治疗水平和自我管理水平的共同提升下,相信糖尿病患者的福音未来可期[23]。五糖尿病的自我管理不当对老年人的生活影响对于长期患糖尿病的患者来说,自我管理的水平决定着生活质量的高低。在糖尿病易患高发群体[24]中老年人是占据主要地位的,所以说老年人对于糖尿病的自我管理和护理是起着关键作用的。从社会层面上来说,这项任务并不简单。因为现在的社会基本是空巢老人比较多,儿女都外出务工,自我管理的完善性并不能得到完全的保证。[25]①老人对于糖尿病的认识有所欠缺,以至于很多的自我管理的要点不能完全掌握,对自己身体的健康程度不能完整正确的评价。包括家里人对于糖尿病知识[26]的混淆,可能会导致老年人生活的舒适度下降,出行一时受到限制,盲目的进行治疗可能会导致进一步的糖尿病恶化。②在基本知识了解的基础上,自我管理开始对饮食和运动量进行控制,老人的身体本来代谢下降,运动耐力差,在自我管理不当的情况下,可能会引发更加严重的并发症如酮症酸中毒[27],糖尿病性肾衰竭以及血管病变引起的呼吸衰竭或下肢截瘫,加剧了老年生活的悲剧。面对糖尿病的自我管理不当所带来的深远影响,更是在老年人所剩无几的短暂时光里雪山加霜,所以老年人在做好自我管理[28]的同时,享受美满的晚年。参考文献:[1] 王忆黎 为什么老年人易患糖尿病[J] 养生月刊 2001,(02) 期刊[2]刘建琴,许樟荣。 糖尿病足的预防与患者的自我管理[J] 中国医刊,2017,(02):14-[3]刘艳,孙勇,姚华。 2型糖尿病健康教育路径的Meta分析[J] 新疆医科大学学报,2017,(04):530-[4]殷荣平,王琪,王丽丽,汪小华。 2型糖尿病患者饮食自我管理的知信行调查分析[J] 护理学报,2017,(02):11- [5]朱远,张爱霞,徐桂华。 妊娠合并糖尿病管理模式的研究进展[J] 护理研究,2017,(09):1025-[6]刘竹韵,高玲玲。 基于Web of Science数据库妊娠期糖尿病研究的文献计量学分析[J] 护理研究,2017,(09):1108-[7]赵丽华,张宇,王咏梅,王丽华。 一日多餐饮食对妊娠期糖尿病患者血糖的影响[J] 中华护理教育,2017,(01):65-[8]袁晓丹,姚平,刘超,楼青青。 个体化行为干预对2型糖尿病患者1年效果评价[J] 护理与康复,2017,(03):212-216+[9]冯小芬,韦玉和,邵雪景,赵志勇,印永,罗春媛。 微信群管理糖尿病患者的短期观察[J] 中国糖尿病杂志,2017,(02):149-[10]王君,王爱民。 糖尿病患者血糖黎明现象研究进展[J] 护理学杂志,2017,(03):23-[11]邓开琴,何仕蓉,彭露瑶,陈青青,王琏,胡慧。 同伴支持在糖尿病患者健康教育中的应用[J] 中华护理教育,2017,(02):116-[12]孟朝琳,程婵婵,崔轶男,王媛媛,吴小彬,沈兴平。 自我管理网络支持模式在初发中青年2型糖尿病患者中的应用[J] 护理学杂志,2017,(01):22-[13]刘霞,杨贵云,张泓,李芸。 动机性访谈在老年糖尿病患者饮食治疗中的应用[J] 中国老年学杂志,2017,(01):202-[14]倪云霞,刘素珍,李继平,刁永书,董婷,陶琳。 护士主导的管理模式对社区糖尿病患者血糖控制及就医行为的影响[J] 中华护理杂志,2017,(02):222-[15]于鹏,温肇霞,胡新林,尹雪燕,张凡,刘绍。青岛市不同等级医院护士糖尿病饮食管理认知的调查分析[J]中国护理管理,2016, (11)1498- [16]展恩欣,宋欢,柳韦华。 中文版糖尿病与吸烟信念量表的信效度研究[J] 护理研究,2017,(01):39-[17]赵正清,张渭芳,钱进军,江萍,隆卫娟,于德纯。 PDCA循环结合手测量法在2型糖尿病患者饮食指导中的应用[J] 护士进修杂志,2017,(01):45- [18]吕莉慧,丁淳,王颖。 延伸护理服务对军队老干部糖尿病患者保健康复的影响[J] 医学研究生学报,2017,(02):186-[19]温桂敏,孙田杰,赵宏,冯会玲。 住院糖尿病患者健康饮食行为阶段及其影响因素研究[J] 护理学杂志,2017,(03):7-[20]薛亚男,尚国爱,吕倩,翟春娟,侯月颖。 健康自我管理对糖尿病足患者自我效能及心理状态的影响[J] 实用预防医学,2017,(02):137- [21]高晨晨,周兰姝。 国外糖尿病自我管理研究热点和趋势分析[J] 护理学杂志,2017,(03):18- [22] Li H The role of diabetes care group in the clinical care of diabetic patients [J] Chinese community physician, 2014, 30 (22): 143- [22] Li X The application of humanized service in diabetes care [J] Chinese and foreign medicine Study, 2016, 14 (1): 95-96[23] Zhang Y Analysis of the role of diabetes care group in the care of diabetic patients [J] Chinese modern medicine application, 2015, 9 (21): 231-[24]LiMLiuHThe effect of comprehensive nursing on the clinical effect and related endocrine hormone level of patients with diabetic thyroid cancer after [25]Chinese Community DInfluence of diabetes nursing home on health education of diabetic Issue 17 [26]Hu X Observation on the effect of comprehensive nursing mode in elderly patients with severe erythroderma psoriasis and diabetes Dermatology and venereal diseases 20[27]Liang X study on the clinical effect of "knowing, believing and doing" health education model applied to the nursing of elderly diabetic Basic medical forum 20