What Is Grid Storage? Based on current and proposed products， it appears that a grid storage system should include the following: Modular storage arrays: These systems are connected across a storage network using serial ATA The systems can be block-oriented storage arrays or network-attached storage gateways and Common virtualization layer: Storage must be organized as a single logical pool of resources available to Data redundancy and availability: Multiple copies of data should exist across nodes in the grid， creating redundant data access and availability in case of a component Common management: A single level of management across all nodes should cover the areas of data security， mobility and migration， capacity on demand， and Simplified platform/management architecture: Because common management is so important， the tasks involved in administration should be organized in modular fashion， allowing the autodiscovery of new nodes in the grid and automating volume and file Three Basic Benefits Applying grid topology to a storage network provides several benefits， including the following: R A well-designed grid network is extremely Rather than providing just two paths between any two nodes， the grid offers multiple paths between each storage This makes it easy to service and replace components in case of failure， with minimal impact on system availability or P The same factors that lead to reliability also can improve Not requiring a centralized switch with many ports eliminates a potential performance bottleneck， and applying load-balancing techniques to the multiple paths available offers consistent performance for the entire S It’s easy to expand a grid network using inexpensive switches with low port counts to accommodate additional servers for increased performance， bandwidth and In essence， grid storage is a way to scale out rather than up， using relatively inexpensive storage building
如何在不影响课程进度的前提下，省时而又有效地开展培养同学们的口语能力的活动，我有以下几点体会： ①Say something about your bedroon/school… 在学完一至两个单元后，可抽出一节课专门让同学们谈一 谈自己的卧室、学校或教室等等，这一口语活动在初一第一学期就可以做。为了让更多的学生都能参加，在此 之前可先复习一下小学学过的there be 句型以及“介词短语＋be＋名词”结构和“介词短语＋you can see… ”结构。 这样做的好处是能有效让同学们根据这些句型轻松自然地描述出大脑里的图画。 ②Summary based on a dialogue 这一活动在初二就可以做。在这之前不妨先概括一下如下的句型结构： want/ask/tell sb (not) to dosth; want to do sth; ask if sb would like to do sth 以及一些简单句。 ③Text retelling 尽量用自己的语言口头改编、 复述较长的课文。在开展这一活动之前，允许同学们头一 天进行适当准备。不要限制同学们一定不要写提纲，甚至允许事先写出来。因为口头表达与书面表达是密切相联 的。只要同学们口头复述时不看书面提纲或内容即可。为了让全体同学有一个正确的标准，教师最好口头作一个 示范，让同学们有效地模仿。模仿在语言学习的初级阶段是相当重要的、不可缺少的步骤。 ④Make sentences 在平时的课堂教学中，当我们在学习一个新的词组和句型时，在给出典型的例句后， 应多多鼓励同学造句。同学们只要将例句看懂了都会非常乐意争先恐后地造句。有的句子甚至出乎意料的精彩 。这样做，不仅使同学们很轻松有效地学会了新词组、新句型，而且还为口语能力的形成打下了扎实的基础。 ⑤Debate/Argument 老师们可以根据学生学习的内容和实际水平，适当地选一个topic，让同学们展开争论。 如：Is it good or bad toplay video games in spare time? 还有在初二下学期学习情态动词can， ma y，must，can't时，就可给出一个model，让同学们模仿。如：给出一个实物让对方说出是什么： A What do you think it may be， B I think it may be an C It can't be an I think it must be a D How can it be a banana? A banana is long but it It must be an E It can't be an Anyone with eyes can see it isa…这样在模仿争论的同时，不知不觉中 掌握了情态动词的用法，从而也提高了同学们的口语表达能力。 ⑥Describe sb or sth you like best 随着一、二年级的知识积累，我们可以适当地让同学们在一节课的 前十分钟或后十分钟描述一下他（她）最喜欢的人或物。 以上只是我的个人观点，希望这些观点能让个同学们的口语有所提高。最后，祝住同学们都能学会英语，都能学懂英语，都能学好英语！
Information literacy Knowing how to find data from several sources， select relevant material， analyse and organise it into a form that can be used to make Computers have become the tools people use to access and manage Information technologists are people who analyse and design the What is a computer? Tradition definitions of computers include �6�1 A machine that accepts data and processes it into use �6�1 A computer is a binary， digital， electronic， stored program �6�1 While a computer is commonly a digital machine， analogue machine do An electronic device， operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit， that can accept data (input)， process data arithmetically and logically， produce results (output) from the processing and stores results for future Many computers receive and send data (communicate) across networks LAN and W A computer system consists of hardware and What is hardware? Hardware Hardware is physical devices or components that can be physically handled – you can thou Input Devices Input devices convert data that humans collect into coded electrical signals that a computer can The central processing unit The electronic processing takes place in the CPU The CPU consists of �6�1 A control unit that controls all of the computer’s functions and an �6�1 Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) that performs any calculation Memory Memory holds all programs and What is RAM currently open? Data (notes) Word processor OS Output devices Output devices convert the computer’s electronic signals back into information Secondary storage devices These devices store programs and data The programs and data are not necessarily (or likely to be) in current E DVD CD Communication devices These devices enable a computer to connect to another List the six different type of hardware? Secondary storage(external)， input， processor， output ， memory， C Name eight pieces of hardware USB， keyboard， monitor， screen， RAM， ROM， VDU， M The system unit and peripheral devices The system unit is the computer Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside， or in other words， plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the key board， mouse， printer， joy stick and Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside， or in other words， plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the keyboard， mouse， printer， joy stick and What else does a computer have? Software Software is a computer program ，which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into These instructions are written in languages that computer can Software includes computer games， a word processing packing， an accounting package， amongst Definition of a computer system �6�1 A computer system is the configuration of hardware and software， functioning together， to process data into useful information， in order to achieve a purpose for a human What is data? �6�1 Data is raw facts， be they numbers， words， images and sounds， that can be input into a Mary a name is a piece of data What is information? �6�1 Information is processed data， that has meaning and is John is a list of names who scored an A grade on an exam John A Chai A Pam A Commodore $23 500 Magna $21 500 Falcon $19 800 The system unit contains the �6�1 Motherboard �6�1 CPU �6�1 Memory �6�1 Other electronics It is where the computer program instructions are executed and the data is manipulatedThe Processor CPU The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer， the CPU contain the �6�1 Control unit and the �6�1 Arithmetic logic unit Control unit The control unit directs and coordinates the computer’s For every single instruction， the control unit repeats four basic operations， �6�1 Fetching �6�1 Decoding �6�1 Executing �6�1 Storing CPU speed The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS The number of millions of instructions per second Arithmetic/logic unit The ALU performs all calculations， which involve �6�1 Arithmetic operations 2+3 �6�1 Comparison operations age>=17 �6�1 Logical operations pass Processing instructions A CPU may begin executing a second machine cycle before completing the first-referred to as Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 Storage within the CPU Registers temporarily hold data and The computer’s clock A System clock is necessary to control the timing of all computer Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes A hertz is one cycle per second and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 Memory Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) Memory is measured in �6�1 Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10 �6�1 Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20 �6�1 Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30 Representation of data Digital computers are built from many small electronic Each circuit， at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON Hence these devices are called two state Binary Digit 0and 1 Each off or on digital value is called a bit， short for binary A 1 bit computer would be able to distinguish between two values-characters， symbols or Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard Bits Characters 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256
