sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language These databases can be used for machine language translation， formulas to rank collocation， most used priority word lists， word grouping tendencies and other linguistics These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in E Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990" Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86，741 - 99% 43，831 - 0% 15，851 - 8% 6，000 - 9% 5，000 - 6% 4，000 - 7% 3，000 - 0% 2，000 - 7% 1，000 - 0% 10 - 7% Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any Ten words account for 7 % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling， poetry writing and public speaking The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is " So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9，900 language word Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 The big variable is context， which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal， industry specific jargon， slang， idioms， act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50，000 As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean， define or explain about thirty different situations or To properly study vocabulary students require background information and "Weather" As a Noun Definition the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine， moisture， temperature， precipitation， and other Similar Words: elements， climate Definition unpleasant， turbulent， or violent atmospheric Example: We needed shelter from the Similar Words: gale， elements， blow， windstorm ， storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered， weathering， weathers Definition to dry， season， or modify by exposing to Similar Words: season ， dry Definition to discolor， deteriorate， or harm by exposing to Similar Words wash ， rot ， erode， deteriorate Definition to endure past the end of; Example Their marriage weathered the hard Synonyms: withstand ， survive， stand， outlast ， endure ， ride out Similar Words: overcome， surmount， outlive， sustain， brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition to resist deterioration when exposed to Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun Definition to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot， corrode， fade， deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them， not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic， you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively， for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice， to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image， and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image， the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive In junior high school， my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the Since I was not a quick thinker， what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this When days went to high school， the mode of instruction didn’t change The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well， but he didn’t do much practice in In the scope of vocabulary teaching， he just read through the words and sample You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated Because I like the language and its culture， I’ll do my best to learn it well through self- Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways， the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote- Actually， I didn’t object the use of rote- But， it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this As for the ways how I will teach in the future， I’m still struggling to explore my No matter what， I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive
词的理据 众所周知，语言包括语音、词汇和语法三个部分。英国语义学家乌尔曼在承认语言符号的任意性前提下，提出词的理据性，指出每一种语言里都包含一定程度理据的词语。语言的理据是相对其任意性而言，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间有一种自然的联系，两者的结合是有理可据的。词的理据指事物和现象获得名称的依据。本论文通过对词的理据性分析及举例，将有助于外语学习，尤其是对词汇的掌握和理解。词的理据分为：拟声理据、语义理据、逻辑理据。Ⅰ．onomatopoeic motivation 英语中有些词是通过声音的模仿构成的，这种构词称为 Stephen Ullmann把拟声构词分为两种。 1、primary onomatopoeia：鸟兽之类动物的叫声也属于这一范畴例如：Apes gibber Asses bray 2、secondary onomatopoeia：指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想。例如:词的前半部分辅音连缀sl-含有滑(slippery)的意义，如 slide， slip， slither， slush等。Ⅱsemantic motivation 语义理据是一种心理联想，措词义的引申和比喻。以下列举几种： 1、metaphor例如： All the world's a stage．（Shakespeare） 2、metonymy英语中往往用一个词代表整个事件或整个背景，这也是一种借代方式。在现代英美报刊中常见到以地名或国名代表整个事件。例如：The current situation is different from Czechoslovakia in They agreed to put pressure on the negotiations for progress on B Look Back in Anger（John Osborne's play）coincided with rock-'n'-roll， Suez and H 3、synecdoche 例如：以Wall Street（美国纽约市的一条街）代表美国垄断资本，以Bonn代表西德政府 4、analogy 类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应词或近似词，类比构词大致可分成以下4种： 1色彩类比 色彩类比主要通过表示不同颜色的词类比出新词新语。如由black list化出 white list和 gray list。 2数字类比 由数字类比构成的词，有的数字不变，只变动被修饰语；如First Mother（指国家元首的母亲），First Family（指国家元首的一家）均系与First Lady这个原形词类比而成如second-strike capacity（指受敌方先发制人的第一次核打击后的核还击能力）由first-strike capacity（先发制人的第一次核打击能力）引申而成； 3近似类比 指类比词之间要有一个近似点，根据这个近似点，推此及彼。例如:gap最早与missile搭配，形成missile gap词组，这词语一经产生，引起了连锁反应；production gap、ration gap等新词相继出现 4反义类比 利用现有的反义词构成新的复合反义词。如由moonlight构成Ⅲ logical motivation 利用传统的逻辑学下定义，把要表达的对象和与之相似的其它对象区别开来。 例句：Ever since the Watergate prosecutors began investigating and found clues that some of these companies had made suspiciously large， undisclosed payments overseas， a probe of multinationals' operations has been 总之，英语不是象我们生活中的别的固有的东西那样一成不变的。所有语言经过一段时间就要变，其变化的原因是无法完全清楚的。除了吸收过去的俚语使之成为正式用语从而丰富语言以外，显然还需要许许多多的新词语来表达现代生活极大的并正在不断增长着的复杂性。这种复杂性是由我们所处时代的社会和技术条件急剧变化而引起的。语言忠实地反映出时代精神。
