I HAVE A DREAM 我有一个梦想 如下：Five score years ago， a great American， in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation P This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of But one hundred years later， we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not One hundred years later， the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of One hundred years later， the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material One hundred years later， the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence， they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life， liberty， and the pursuit of It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are Instead of honoring this sacred obligation， America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient " But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the N This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and Nineteen sixty-three is not an end， but a Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and we must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people， for many of our white brothers， as evidenced by their presence here today， have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our We cannot walk And as we walk， we must make the pledge that we shall march We cannot turn There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights， "When will you be satisfied?" we can never be satisfied as long as our bodies， heavy with the fatigue of travel， cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to No， no， we are not satisfied， and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and Some of you have come fresh from narrow Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police You have been the veterans of creative Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is Go back to Mississippi， go back to Alabama， go back to Georgia， go back to Louisiana， go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities， knowing that somehow this situation can and will be Let us not wallow in the valley of I say to you today， my friends， that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment， I still have a It is a dream deeply rooted in the American I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created " I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi， a desert state， sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression， will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their I have a dream I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama， whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification， will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and I have a dream I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted， every hill and mountain shall be made low， the rough places will be made plain， and the crooked places will be made straight， and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed， and all flesh shall see it This is our This is the faith with which I return to the S With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of With this faith we will be able to work together， to pray together， to struggle together， to go to jail together， to stand up for freedom together， knowing that we will be free one This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning， "My country， 'tis of thee， sweet land of liberty， of thee I Land where my fathers died， land of the pilgrim's pride， from every mountainside， let freedom " And if America is to be a great nation， this must become So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New H Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New Y Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of M From every mountainside， let freedom When we let freedom ring， when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet， from every state and every city， we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children， black men and white men， Jews and Gentiles， Protestants and Catholics， will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual， "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty， we are free at last!" 几年前，一位伟大的美国人，在其象征的阴影我们签署了解放宣言。这一重要的法令是一个伟大的指路明灯的希望数以百万计的黑人奴隶谁已经烙在火焰枯萎不公正。这是一个欢乐的黎明，结束漫漫长夜的囚禁。但是，百年之后，我们必须面对的悲惨事实，即黑人仍然没有自由。 一百多年后，生活的黑人仍是可悲的残废了手铐的隔离和歧视的锁链。一百多年后，黑人生活在一个孤独的岛屿贫困正处在远隔重洋的物质繁荣。 100年后的今天，黑人仍挣扎在弯道中的美国社会，并认为自己是流亡在自己的土地。 因此，我们今天来到这里，开始表现令人震惊的状况。从某种意义上讲，我们来到我们国家的首都，以现金支票。当我们共和国的缔造者的宏伟话写在宪法和独立宣言，他们签署了期票的每一个美国人是属于继承人。 这说明是一个承诺，所有的人将得到保障不可剥夺的权利，生命权，自由权和追求幸福。很显然，美国今天已经拖欠本本票，因为她的公民的颜色感到关切。不是纪念这一神圣的义务，美国的黑人提供了一个坏的人检查了回来标有“足够的资金。 ”但是，我们拒绝相信，正义是银行破产。我们拒绝认为，没有足够的资金在大拱顶的机会，这个国家。 所以，我们来兑现这张支票-支票这将给予我们的需求财富的自由和安全的正义。我们还来到这个神圣的位置，提醒美国的紧迫性，现在激烈。这是没有时间去从事豪华降温或采取安定药物的渐进。现在是时候
委婉语在商务英语谈判中的功能及语法手段摘要】在商务英语谈判中，常借助委婉语礼貌、间接地陈述自己的观点，提出要求或建议，以便建立良好的商务环境，在国际竞争中获取成功。笔者在探讨委婉语的涵义及其在商务英语谈判中的功能的基础上，总结了委婉语在商务英语谈判中常见的语法实现手段。提出掌握并恰当运用委婉语的语法手段，有助于顺利达到谈判的目的。【关键词】商务英语谈判；委婉语的功能；语法手段在国际贸易中，从建立贸易关系到询盘、报盘；到装船、货款支付、投诉索赔，很大一部分都需要通过商务谈判来完成。商务谈判成功与否受诸如谈判时间地点、谈判代表着装、信息掌握、谈判语言等多种因素的制约。其中，作为主要信息传递中介的谈判语言尤为重要。“在商务谈判中，对谈判人员行为产生影响的主要有两大因素:一是经济利益，二是心理情感。前者是谈判的目标，后者是影响目标实现的决定因素。”在商务英语谈判中，常借助委婉语这一修辞手段礼貌、含蓄地陈述自己的观点或愿望，提出请求或建议，以便建立良好的商务环境。委婉语的涵义郭锡良在其主编的《古代汉语》中将委婉语界定为:“不直言其事，故意把话说得含蓄、婉转一些，叫做‘委婉语’。”英语与汉语委婉语相对应的词是euphemism，它源自希腊语euphemisos，词头“eu-”的意思是“good or sounding well”（好或听起来好）词干“pheme”的意思是“speech”（言语），整个字面意思是“words of good omen”（吉言）或“goodspeech”(优雅动听的言语)。Dictionary of language and linguistics（RRKHartmann&FCStork，1972）将委婉语定义为：“用一种不明说的、能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法，代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法。”委婉语是人们在社会交往中为谋求理想的交际效果而创造的一种适当的语言表达形式，即用漂亮的词语或文雅的谈吐，用悦耳、含蓄、委婉的词语来替代直接、冒昧、唐突的言辞，来减少语言表达上的敏感性和刺激性，使谈话双方均达到最佳的交际效果。委婉语在商务英语谈判中的功能在商务英语谈判中，委婉表达能够缓和紧张的谈判气氛，避免矛盾冲突，打破僵局，并且有助于双方建立长久的商务关系。委婉表达是一种对谈判双方都有效的谈判手段和策略，也是在国际竞争中获取成功的重要途径。现将委婉语在商务英语谈判中的主要功能归纳为以下三点。1缓和谈判气氛委婉语就像是一种润滑剂，能够缓和紧张的谈判气氛。当谈判气氛得到缓和的时候，谈判双方就会减少因心理压力过大而失去理智、出现相互争执的可能性。这有利于谈判双方心平气和地解决问题并减少矛盾的产生。2维护双方面子委婉语的使用有助于维护谈判双方的面子。由于谈判双方的立场冲突，双方都试图说服对方接受自己的观点、满足自己的要求。如果己方的观点陈述得过于直白生硬、咄咄逼人，很容易伤及对方的面子。如使用“I’m afraid…”、“Could you possibly…”等句型将否定、疑问语气弱化，友善客气。3建立长期商务关系委婉语的使用有助于双方长期友好关系的建立。“在评价一场谈判成功与否时，不仅要看经济指标，还要看谈判后双方的人际关系如何。”委婉语的重要性就在于它能够帮助双方建立这种友好商务关系。如果忽视对方的情感，单纯地追求己方的经济利益，必然会招致对方的反感和抵制，无法实现长期友好商务关系的建立。商务英语谈判中委婉语语法手段在商务英语谈判中，为了达到迂回委婉这一表达目的“可以有多种语言手段，如语音手段、语法手段、文字手段、语用手段等”。以下主要探讨商务英语谈判中委婉语的语法实现手段。1否定弱化法在商务谈判中，表达否定的观点时，要避免强硬的态度和生硬的语言。直白地向对方表达否定观点有些卤莽，容易引起对方的厌恶，不利于长期友好商务关系的建立。因此，运用委婉语来削弱否定的语气，可以保持友善客气并顾全对方的面子。英语中，有些固定句型可以使否定语气弱化，常用的句型有：I’m afraid、I’m not sure、we regret(tosay)(not)、we are sorry(to say/tell you)(not)。例如：1)I’m sorry to tell you that most of the goods you sent us can’treach the standards you have 2)Most of the goods you sent us can’t reach the standards you 显而易见，例1）用I’m sorry to tell you that…来弱化否定语气，委婉地向对方表明自己的立场和观点，易于接受，有助于维护对方面子。而例2）句过于直截了当，对方难以接受。2过去时态法商务英语谈判中常用过去时态来表示婉转口气，常用“C”、“Would ”委婉地提出请求。用“I ”、“I waswondering”代替“I want”、“I am wondering”显得委婉、客气。如：3)We wanted to know whether you can accept all our 4)We want to know whether you can accept all our 3被动语态法在商务英语谈判中，使用被动语态有时更为得体，甚至能起到主动语态所无法起到的作用。商务谈判中若发生提出建议或批评时，使用被动语态可以弱化执行者，强调按照合同或协议对方应承担的义务和职责，这样更能委婉客气地提出自己的意见和不满，易于对方接受。如：5)A mistake was made on the terms of 6)You made a mistake on the terms of 可见，例6）使用主动语态，显得太直白生硬，有种责备的味道，而例5）使用被动语态显得委婉，语气缓和，在不伤及对方面子的前提下，提出自己的要求和建议。4虚拟语气法商务英语谈判中，有时需要避开直接和正面的表达，用虚拟的手法，客气、委婉、温和的语气，去表达自己的意愿、请求、忠告和建议，达到预期的目的与效果。常用should，would，could，might代替shall，will，can，may。如：7)We would suggest that for this particular order you let us have aD/D，on receipt of which we shall ship the goods on the（first available 8)We want you to let us have a D/D，on receipt of which we shallship the goods on the first available 例7)中，suggest引导的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气为对方提供了建设性的意见，虽然不能得知对方会不会照做，但委婉柔和的方式可以给对方一个美好的印象。而后一句“We want you to…”，语气强硬，含有不管对方接不接受都必须那样做的意思，让对方感觉受到要挟而心里不悦，贸易的达成也就比较困难了。结语国际商务谈判的内容涉及到谈判双方的利益，谈判的结果对双方的业务发展可能产生较大的影响。委婉语的运用有助于缓和紧张谈判气氛、维护对方面子、建立长久的商务关系。商务人员应该仔细学习研究如何在谈判中应尽可能作到充分考虑语境，有进有退，得体委婉。但有一点需要注意的是，委婉语的使用要有“度”，即把握好委婉的分寸。一味“谦卑”、“低声下气”，不但会降低自己的身份，还会让对方抓住弱点，造成对己极为不利的后果。【参考文献】［1］陈良旋商务英语中的委婉语及其表达手法[J]广州大学学报1999(9)．［2］郭锡良古代汉语[M]北京：北京出版社，1981．［3］甘长银商务谈判中的委婉表达[M]重庆三峡学院学报2004，(2)［4］李军华关于委婉语的定义[J]湘潭大学学报，2004(7)．［5］李俊英英语委婉语及其语用功能[J]青海民族学院学报，2007(9)．［6］李先国，扬晶商务谈判理论与实务[M]北京:中国建材工业出版社，1996．［7］RRK斯托克、FC哈特曼等语言与语言学词典[Z]黄长著，林书武等译上海:上海辞书出版社，1981．［8］束定芳委婉语新探[J]外国语，1989(3
