语言学教案 - Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics (2)What is linguistics?6 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the branch of learning which studies the languages of any and all human It can be defined as the scientific study of In a word， linguistics studies the general principles upon which all languages are constructed and operate as systems of communication in the societies in which they are The guiding principles for linguistic studies:Exhaustiveness---the aim is to specify totally the linguistic contrasts in a set of data， and ultimately in the language as a Consistency---total statements should be logically self-Economy---a criterion requires that， other things being equal， an analysis should aim to be as short and use as few terms as It is a measure which permits one to quantify the number of formal constructs used in arriving at a solution to problem， and has been used， explicitly or implicitly， in most areas of linguistic Objectivity---linguistic analyses should be as objective as Truth should come from 7 Some basic distinctions in 1 speech and writingthe primacy of speech:1) Speech is prior to writing historically2) genetically， children always learn to speak before they learn to The importance of writing:1) space displacement2) time displacement3) a visual recording of a speech
We'd better develop our interest in English at the beginning of our To develop interest in English study is not very We may have the feeling of satisfaction and achievement from our English study when we are able to say something simple in English， talk with others or foreigners in English and act as others' 在英语学习之初，我们应该注重培养对英语学习的兴趣培养对英语的兴趣并不难当我们可以说点儿简单的英语，用英语与别人或与老外交谈，或作别人的翻译时，我们就可以从英语学习中得到满足感和成就感，这样，兴趣就培养起来了请注意，这种满足感和成就感很重要! Plans are always very essential， so we must make some elaborate and workable plans before And we should certainly carry out these plans to the 制定英语学习计划太重要了，所以我们必须在学习前制定精细的和可操作的计划 并且我们一定要严格执行这些计划请注意:千万不要干没有计划的傻事，那等于在浪费生命 Notes should be made whenever we study any We may follow this advice: Don't read book without making As we know that notes are the summarization， the core content， our understanding and the abbreviations of the Our notes are much thinner than the books so that we can learn them by heart easier and can often review and read We may also record our notes on tapes so as to often listen to them easier， to deepen our impression and to lighten our burden of Sometimes it is needful to draw some tables and illustrations that are very impressive， visual and 无论学习什么，我们都要作笔记我们可以参照下面的忠告:不作笔记就不要读书如您所知，笔记是我们对所学课本的总结，中心内容，我们的理解和课本的缩略笔记要比课本薄的多，我们可以较容易的记忆和经常复习他们更胜一畴的做法是把笔记录成音，这样我们可以经常听一听来加深印象和减轻记忆负担 Watching English movies， English TV programs， listening to English songs and learn English on some special occasions are also excellent and vivid English learning ways as we may combine English with some certain scenes to deepen our 看英文电影，收看英语电视节目，听英文歌曲和在某些特定场景学习英语也是很棒和很生动的英语学习方式，因为这样我们可以把所学英语与某些特定的场景联系起来以加深记忆 Never just memorize single English Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the 请不要孤立地背英语单词请背记包含生词的句子或词组，这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇，而且印象更深 If time permits， we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover， which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all 如果时间允许，通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识 Excellent personality is one of the decisive factors in English Persistence， patience， self-confidence and determination are badly 优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一，坚持，忍耐，自信和坚定都是很重要的当然如果兴趣培养得好， 可适当削弱这方面的要求 Part 2 Detailed methods(第2部分 具体方法) Oral English:(口语学习) A We study spoken English so as to make oral communications， so this order of importance of oral English study should be followed: Fluency， Accuracy， and A That is to say， we have to pay more attention to practical communicating ability instead of only laying emphasis on the grammatical 我们学习口语目的是为了与别人进行交流，所以英语口语中的几个要素的重要次序应为:流利-准确-恰当 B Try to find some partners practicing oral English together and English corner is a good place as where we may exchange English study experience， widen our sight and improve interest in E 努力寻找学伴一起练习口语英语角是个不错的地方，在那我们不但可以练习口语，还可以交流英语学习经验，开拓视野，提高英语学习兴趣 C If English partners are not easy to get， then we have to create an English environment ourselves by speaking English to 如果找不到学伴或参加英语角的机会很少，那么就需要通过自己对自己将英语来创造英语环境比如对自己描述所看到的景物，英语口述自己正在作的事情 D This method is very effective and easy to insist on--interpreting Chinese-English novels or First we read the Chinese parts and then try to interpret them into English and then compare our interpretation with the original versions in the novels or books so that we can find out the mistakes， shortcomings and progresses in our 这种方法非常有效且很容易坚持---口译汉英对照(或英汉对照)的小说或其它读物首先我们先读汉语部分，然后逐句直接口译成英文，完成一小段后，去看书上的对应英文部分并与我们的口译进行比较，我们马上可以发现我们口译的错误，缺点和进步
