Information literacy Knowing how to find data from several sources， select relevant material， analyse and organise it into a form that can be used to make Computers have become the tools people use to access and manage Information technologists are people who analyse and design the What is a computer? Tradition definitions of computers include • A machine that accepts data and processes it into use • A computer is a binary， digital， electronic， stored program • While a computer is commonly a digital machine， analogue machine do An electronic device， operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit， that can accept data (input)， process data arithmetically and logically， produce results (output) from the processing and stores results for future Many computers receive and send data (communicate) across networks LAN and W A computer system consists of hardware and What is hardware? Hardware Hardware is physical devices or components that can be physically handled – you can thou Input Devices Input devices convert data that humans collect into coded electrical signals that a computer can The central processing unit The electronic processing takes place in the CPU The CPU consists of • A control unit that controls all of the computer’s functions and an • Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) that performs any calculation Memory Memory holds all programs and What is RAM currently open? Data (notes) Word processor OS Output devices Output devices convert the computer’s electronic signals back into information Secondary storage devices These devices store programs and data The programs and data are not necessarily (or likely to be) in current E DVD CD Communication devices These devices enable a computer to connect to another List the six different type of hardware? Secondary storage(external)， input， processor， output ， memory， C Name eight pieces of hardware USB， keyboard， monitor， screen， RAM， ROM， VDU， M The system unit and peripheral devices The system unit is the computer Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside， or in other words， plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the key board， mouse， printer， joy stick and Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside， or in other words， plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the keyboard， mouse， printer， joy stick and What else does a computer have? Software Software is a computer program ，which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into These instructions are written in languages that computer can Software includes computer games， a word processing packing， an accounting package， amongst Definition of a computer system • A computer system is the configuration of hardware and software， functioning together， to process data into useful information， in order to achieve a purpose for a human What is data? • Data is raw facts， be they numbers， words， images and sounds， that can be input into a Mary a name is a piece of data What is information? • Information is processed data， that has meaning and is John is a list of names who scored an A grade on an exam John A Chai A Pam A Commodore $23 500 Magna $21 500 Falcon $19 800 The system unit contains the • Motherboard • CPU • Memory • Other electronics It is where the computer program instructions are executed and the data is manipulatedThe Processor CPU The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer， the CPU contain the • Control unit and the • Arithmetic logic unit Control unit The control unit directs and coordinates the computer’s For every single instruction， the control unit repeats four basic operations， • Fetching • Decoding • Executing • Storing CPU speed The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS The number of millions of instructions per second Arithmetic/logic unit The ALU performs all calculations， which involve • Arithmetic operations 2+3 • Comparison operations age>=17 • Logical operations pass Processing instructions A CPU may begin executing a second machine cycle before completing the first-referred to as Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 Storage within the CPU Registers temporarily hold data and The computer’s clock A System clock is necessary to control the timing of all computer Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes A hertz is one cycle per second and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 Memory Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) Memory is measured in • Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10 • Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20 • Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30 Representation of data Digital computers are built from many small electronic Each circuit， at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON Hence these devices are called two state Binary Digit 0and 1 Each off or on digital value is called a bit， short for binary A 1 bit computer would be able to distinguish between two values-characters， symbols or Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard Bits Characters 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256
A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague Besides temporal and capacity constraints， compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled Finally， the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets， robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak However， if no robust solution is found constraints will be This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel流动性约束与铺在炼钢厂* 摘要 我们提出一个调度方法的应用产生的时间表而受到限制对立和模糊的知识。除了时间和能力的限制，兼容性限制之间连续工作的管理。我们模型的模糊和不确定的制约因素数据的模糊集理论。单一的重要性和困难的工作安排次 时间是指在不同的制约因素，是用来控制生成的时间表。初步安排是考虑到所产生的重要的工作和那些有困难的时间表第一。容易或不那么重要的工作计划之后。最后，实现的时间表是“修复” ，直到一个时间表，发现达到某一特定的满意程度。因为善良的解决方案是评价模糊集，强大的时间表实现更好的评价比弱时间表。但是，如果没有强有力的解决办法是找到制约将会放宽。这种方法适合于工程应用过程中在不确定性知识为主。我们解释方法，个案研究从炼钢厂的高档钢材。但愿能帮到你，希望采纳！
