初中英语教材在不断改革，通过不断更新，《新目标英语》（Go For It！）已在全国大部分地区推广使用。《新目标》打破了多年以来中学英语以语法和翻译为主的传统教学模式，把教材内容和语法结构融于情境对话之中，改变了学生只会写不会讲、只会背不会用的传统英语教学状况，有利于提高学生独立思考能力和英语的实际运用能力。 使用新教材几年来，笔者根据教材特点和“新目标”要求，以及初中学生的年龄特征和不同个性心理，努力探索，不断总结。下面是我对新教材教法的几点浅见。 一、认真钻研新教材，了解教材特点 了解教材特点，运用符合教学规律的教学方法，是提高中学英语教学质量的主要因素。 我认为《新目标英语》同以往教材相比主要有以下几个特点： 1、每个单元都有一个明确的主题。教材内容丰富，信息量大，题材广泛，话题具有知识性和趣味性。在任务型教学方面有独特的设计，易于学生掌握信息，有利于激活语言与情景的联系，使学生在用英语进行活动中感受英语，体现交际教学的理念与要求。这套教材的推广为教师根据学生特点与教学实际设计教学活动提供了肥沃的土壤。 2、教材要求师生通过大量有实际意义的活动进行情景式教学，使语言知识转化为语言技能，并使之发展成为语言的运用能力，使学生在游戏、娱乐中学到知识。 3、内容接近生活，生动有趣，图文并茂。从个人介绍到人际交往，从家庭到社会，从学习到生活等内容都以对话形式出现，在生动的情境中传授知识和培养能力。 二、转变思想，更新观念 当今英语教学主要任务之一是培养学生良好的学习习惯和学习兴趣，培养其交际和运用英语的能力。要达到这些任务，首先，教师应尽快从旧教材旧教法的框框中解放出来，转变思想，更新观念。若继续沿用传统的重语言知识讲授、重译写和语法教学、轻语言运用能力的培养，不仅不能调动大多数学生学习英语的积极性，而且也无法实现教学目标。其次，应重视学生学习英语兴趣的培养，激发学生的学习兴趣。新时期英语教学要提倡“乐”的观念，情绪越好，越乐观，对所学内容便会发生浓厚的兴趣，学习效果也将越好。第三，在新形势下，转变教学思想是搞好新教材教法的前提，更新观念是用好新教材的保证。英语教师在实际教学中应自觉转变过去以应试为目的的教育思想，充分发挥新教材的特点，以突出教材的交际功能为主线来培养学生初步运用英语交际的能力，尽快解决教材新与方法旧的矛盾，变“不适应”为“适应”，掌握教学的主动权。 三、创造愉快、和谐的教学环境，让学生积极参与学习活动 传统教学模式是“以教师为中心”、“以课堂为基本”，采取“一言堂”的注入式教学方法。课堂上教师口干舌燥，学生感到枯燥无味，精神倦怠，收效甚微。教学规律告诫我们，教学活动应是一种由教师和学生共同参予的教育双边活动。课堂上教师尤如战场上的指挥官，冲锋陷阵的则是学生。能否协调好师生关系，能否调动学生的积极性，将是教学活动能否顺利开展的关键。因此，笔者认为在课堂上尽可能为学生创造一个愉快和谐的环境，使学生在轻松活泼的氛围中积极主动地参与课堂学习活动。 例如：我教九年级英语Unit 14 Section A时， 首先叫值日生进行值日报告，接着便富有表情地问：“Are you hungry now？”该生回答：“yes”。全班都笑了（因为都吃过早餐不久）。于是我便提问全班同学：“Are you hungry now？”大家都愉快地大声作了回答：“No”。接下来我又问“Why aren’t you hungry？”全体学生回答，“Because we have already had breakfast。” 类似的对话和交流材料还有： have done the homework， have swept the floor， have cleaned the windows ，have cleaned the blackboard等。 因为这一节课主要内容是现在完成时态的复习，我就把 have had breakfast这样含有现在完成时态结构的写在黑板上，让学生进行操练，这样学生对现在完成时结构have/has+p。p及用法留下深刻的印象。然后让学生打开课本（我预先带了照相机、太阳镜、毛巾、地图、旅行包等物品），根据1a的提示进行表演。 如，Sa: Have you packed the camera？ Sb: Yes，I have。 Sc: Have you bought a street map？ Sb: No ， I haven’t 。 I forgot to do it。。。 又如，我教八年级下册第九单元课文时，首先叫学生跟着录音读课文，而后依据课文内容进行“你有问题，我来回答”的分组抢答赛。如： Group A:Have you ever been to Singapore？ Group B:No， never。 But my father have。 Group A:Where is Singapore？ Group B:In a small island in Southeast Asia。 Group A:What’s the weather like in Singapore？ Group B:It’s almost the same all year around。。。。 初中学生很乐于参与这种“带劲”的竞赛活动。竞赛中同学们劲头十足，气氛热烈。通过这样多次的反复训练，学生对课文意思有了深刻的理解，同时又训练了学生的口语表达能力。 再如，笔者在新授“Make a telephone call。”这段对话时，把玩具电话、手机搬进教室，学生的兴趣马上高涨起来，两人一组上台表演，整堂课气氛热烈，从而能自觉地使用打电话时的用语，勿须死记硬背。 这样，采用直观教学，激发了学生学习兴趣；采用情景教学，创设了良好的愉快的学习氛围。在教学活动中，教师既做导演也可当演员，学生主动性强，课堂气氛活跃，教学在愉快中进行，教学过程中的不少环节都是游戏形式，切合了初中学生好玩乐的年龄特征。 教师依据每堂课的教学目的，用不同的方式指导他们“玩”——在情境对话中“玩”，在游戏中“玩”，在英语歌声中“玩”，即是“学中玩，玩中学”。学生在轻松愉快中潜移默化地掌握了知识，训练了语言运用能力，达到我们的教学目的。 四、听说领先，读写并举，四项兼顾 初中《新课程标准》要求“让学生得到听说读写基本训练”，新教材也为我们创造了有利条件。因此，教师在进行新教材教学时，要把听说读写有机的结合起来，遵循听说领先、读写并举的原则，对学生进行听说读写能力的全面训练，培养为交际初步运用英语的能力。 （一）听。新教材注重融四项技能为一体的训练。说的能力很大程度上有赖于听的能力，听的技能也需要进行系统的训练。因此，教师要充分利用教科书中的听力材料，并且逐步扩大范围，适当增加听力材料。听力训练大致以四种不同的方式进行。 （1）课堂用语。教师在课堂上尽量使用英语进行教学，这样可增加学生接触英语的机会，养成听英语的习惯。 （2） 教科书基本上每个单元都安排有听力练习。这类练习比较简单，能够让学生听懂，引起他们的兴趣。 （3）听写是训练听力、拼写和写的技能。听写既是可用教学，也可用于平时的测试。 （4）适当补充课本以外的听力材料，提高学生听力。 （二）说。说的能力就是口语表达能力。要提高学生的口语能力，应加强说的训练。下面介绍一些口语训练的基本方法。 （1）操练。操练的目的是保证学生正确而迅速地说出新语言。全班或一个小组的学生齐声跟着教师说，会增强学生的信心，人人都能开口说。 （2）对话。教科书里的许多口语练习都是采用对话形式，以便鼓励学生踊跃参加活动，能比较自然地使用语言。 （3）正式的言语练习。正式的言语练习可有以下几种方法： A、使用录音带。教科书里大部分的对话都有录音，使用暂停开关，可以随放随停，一放再放，便于学生跟着说。 B、拼读和发音练习。这些练习帮助学生正确地读出单词，并学会与它们有关的拼读规则。 C、重音和语调练习。教师平时与学生口语交流中，要注意向学生传授语音、语调知识。 D、歌曲和诗。歌曲和诗歌在课本中出现不多，但能激发学习兴趣，培养节奏感，提高流畅程度。 E、交际活动。交际活动的目的在于提高学生实际交际能力。初中各册课本中的交际活动基本上是教师指导下的较灵活的练习。教师要利用好这些材料，逐步培养学生交际能力 （三）读。阅读教学是通过学生课本和练习册里的练习进行的，是与其他技能训练紧密结合的。读能帮助理解、巩固和记忆所学的材料，为听力和写作能力打下良好基础。学生既要学会朗读，又要学会默读，而初中阶段的学生往往羞于开口，故教师应主张学生多朗读，朗读时注意语音、语调，这样有利于培养语感，加强记忆。 （四）写。写的技能主要是在练习册或课外作业里培养。它与口语和阅读训练紧密结合。 （1）、书写技能训练。教科书很重视培养学生的书写技能，在初一年级练习册里每个单元都有抄写练习，因此教师要指导学生认真练习书写。 （2）、有指导的写作。教师不仅要鼓励学生使用他们已学的语言做课堂里的写作练习，而且还要引导和训练他们写自己学习、生活的真实情况及心理感受。例如写自己或同学的一天生活，或写自己家庭、班组活动，进而写对某人某事的见解或看法等。 听说读写这四方面是相互紧密联系，相辅相成的。其实它们贯穿于每节英语课。教师要注意如何全面训练，交替进行，既要注意保持学生的学习兴趣，又要注意减轻学生的疲劳，有利于提高训练的效果。 总之，只要我们广大英语教师认真钻研新教材，不断更新观念，改进教学方法，在教学过程中对学生进行听说读写全面训练，提高学生英语水平和实际运用英语的能力决不会是空话。 论文摘要（200字） 初中英语教材在不断改革，通过不断更新，《新目标英语》（Go For It！）已在全国大部分地区推广使用。《新目标》打破了多年以来中学英语以语法和翻译为主的传统教学模式，把教材内容和语法结构融于情境对话之中，改变了学生只会写不会讲、只会背不会用的传统英语教学状况，有利于提高学生独立思考能力和英语的实际运用能力。
加拿大多元文化政策作为一个年轻的移民国家，加拿大以其民族多元化，文化多样化越来越受到世界的关注。加拿大的历史从一定程度上讲就是一部移民史。在移民过程中，不同民族的历史、文化、传统一方面使加拿大的文化多元成为了可能，给这块土地带来了活力，另一方面也正是由于加拿大多元文化这一特征，使的加拿大的文化安全又处于危险的边缘。可以主要通过研究加拿大多元文化政策提出的历史根源来阐述其提出的必要性及局限性。通过对其的分析，希望能为世界有着多元化民族的国家在处理民族问题时提供有效的借鉴作用。关键词: 多元文化政策，文化多元化，多元化民族References[1] David VJ Belled， The Roots of Disunity: A Study of Canadian Political Culture (revised version)， New York: Oxford University Press， [2] D Paul S Aspect of Canadian Cultural Policy[M]Paris: The United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization， [3] Joseph F Krauter and Morris D Minority Canadian: Ethnic Groups[M]Toronto: Carswell Company Limited，[4]Juna M Delgado-Moreira ， Multicultural Citizenship of the European Union，Aldershot:Ashgate publishing Limited，[5]Martin N Marger， Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives ( fifth edition)，Stamford:Wadsworth， [6] Ross Poole， Nations and Identity， New York: Routlege， [7]付成双聚焦枫叶国度[M]天津:天津古籍出版社， [8]胡文仲文化与交际[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社， [9]贾玉新跨文化交际学[M]上海:上海外语教育出版社， [10]孟继有英语学习背景知识[M]北京:北京大学出版社， [11]杨俊峰，吴杨，代冰加拿大英语文学选读[M]西安:西安交通大学出版社，
Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors， the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology， natural and artificial environment， a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations， the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure， improving infrastructure， ecological construction， intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning， and regional and urban harmony， is part of the ecological city， the host city and embodies Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors， the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology， natural and artificial environment， a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations， the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure， improving infrastructure， ecological construction， the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life， artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning， and regional and urban harmony， is part of the ecological city， the host city and embodies Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human， human to natural， intimate nature， natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time， to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development， a human face， full of strong cultural atmosphere， mutual assistance groups have strong attractive， showing a prosperous， vigor and Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development， and thus it can achieve small social， economic and environmental development， to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development， and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long， long Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity， but also a social， economic， environmental overall coordination among development， nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization， but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological Therefore， the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution， lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings， and section， water conservation， pollution， and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme N 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of "According to this description， We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole， coordination， circulation， renewable" principle as a guide， through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural， artificial and natural facilities coordination， and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable， balanced， orderly state of (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development， to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning， economic planning and social ecological ecological 1， ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%， the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage， the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration， the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut)， as the main water-saving The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design， which means that rain， life-pooling processed， the required water quality standards， duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems， lighting， night-ray use， the use of solar energy and other CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures， such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone， brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers， building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation， provincial resources， reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water， sewage diversion pipeline systems， on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater， on the other hand， could reduce the volume of sewage The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources Green traffic indicators: a clean， suitable for the urban environment， health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment， foot， bicycle， Light Rail， trams， score 40 or more， and ordinary buses， trucks， motorcycles， scored in the following Therefore， ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green 2， economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption For this purpose， the application of green technology and green consumption production technology， and gradually change the energy structure， accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy， applications hydropower， wind， biomass， solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green， green 3， the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark， a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete， rationally ecological infrastructure， the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity， individuality residential， to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities， public services， cultural activities， recreational activities， the center concentrated In short， ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 3、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard， developers can not arbitrarily self- Ecological residential demand in the energy and water， gas， sound， light， heat and the green environment， waste disposal， building materials and other aspects of the nine national 1， in the energy system， should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes， the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar， wind， geothermal， maintaining appropriate indoor temperature， indoor temperature in the 2， the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system， indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices， the use of water-saving landscape water 3， gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards， indoor ensure natural ventilation， ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms， kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality 4， sound environmental systems， Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB， less than 40dB noise at night， less than 35dB noise indoor day， night noise less than 30 dB5， optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours， try using natural light; indoor， avoid light pollution， such as glare advertising， curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps， and promote the use of solar green 6， ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic， harmless， non-polluting， non-radioactive， non-volatile requirements， the use of 3R (reusable， recyclable use， renewable use) Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential， while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a For residential ecology， ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection， enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1， ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin， the maximum residential development ecological functional art， and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create， whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of 2， ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part， the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special 3， in addition to other types of more! Species， there are eco-religious groups， lived a primitive tribal group， and some of the ecological category， ecological deficit tribunal Residential (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health " Not only ecological residential green， and from the planning point of view， the overall ecological area layout， monomer space portfolio， housing construction， natural energy use， energy efficiency measures， green systems and life support services in the design， must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment， the quality of life as a starting point and the Moreover， in actual design， layout on the green level， style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants， such as， inter ordinary plants， flowers and trees to watch， leafy trees， edible fruit trees， medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role， such as insulation， wind-proof， dust-proof and anti-noise， the elimination of poison material， adult bacterial virus， or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue， psychological And the housing construction， will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy， to occupants of natural space and interpersonal Ecological residential to health Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal， nor is selling steel， cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal， but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle， a subculture is sold， the sale of a new society and a new Owners as a community， to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life， is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business， not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities， but on community service software， people really enjoy the physical and mental This is a healthy and civilized into the 5、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up， economic development has made remarkable achievements， but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental Since the backward production technologies， our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times， pollution was also very serious， our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources， produce large quantities of industrial To people hygiene， health， comfortable living， and environmental protection must be put in an important (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible， widespread natural energy， and its advantage is extremely rich， clean， safe and Currently， the use of solar energy in residential areas， there are three main areas : solar water heaters， solar air conditioning and solar According to information on， for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million， the annual energy cost about 80，000 yuan， 2a can recover the full investment， and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life， then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 In recent decades， many countries are active in research， development， the use of solar energy， and achieved encouraging The most notable of which Australia and Israel， the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50% Our research and development of solar late， and achieved certain results， but only about 6% coverage， and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region， the highest rate of Yunnan， 10% My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years， the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area， some areas up to This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good With scientific and technological progress， the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places， on the one hand， serious water shortages， on the other hand， Water is the key measures or "" Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use， including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption， while the remaining 95% for washing， In the residential area， according to applications of A， B two water A system specifically for drinking water (including milk， river， village， cooking) The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water B system exclusively for the use of The water system should be Household will tell， laundry， water and roofing rain， the ground water within a reservoir， filtration， purification， decontamination of physical， chemical processing， and then imported household "use water" for washing， car washing， forestation， features， flushing， sewage and other Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development， land resources have Residential areas on the section to the problem， from three aspects 1， the volume of control at a reasonable level， not lower ;2， garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground， semi-underground car park ;3， with the section from the energy into two factors， are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment， control building door independence households alone villa， particularly yard， beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy， and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public (4) strong rectification， the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental Contaminated environment harms human health， which is well known On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste， emissions， waste residue) pollution， and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound This is the realistic There are problems that electromagnetic With the improvement of people's living conditions， household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage， electromagnetic pollution has emerged， and the growing The content of this proposal into water plans and 6、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing， a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design， construction until use， abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment， not simply of little Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used， in order to build refuse and water treatment devices， the general real estate developers simply can not Now these may be environmental residential advance， but it is our residential development
