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目前共有120多个和中国有关的词汇被牛津大学出版商收入词典中,包括Fengshui(风水)、Dimsum(点心)、Kowtow(磕头)、Hutong(胡同)、Hukou(户口)、Guanxi(关系)、Goji berry(枸杞)、Wuxia(武侠)等。“土豪”(Tuhao)、“大妈”(Dama)尚未收入。近日有中国媒体为“《牛津英语词典》可能收录‘土豪’(Tuhao)等中文词”这类新闻自得:“中国贡献的英语单词,正不知不觉、越来越多地融入了国际生活的方方面面……从深层次看……反映了中国正在融入全球化进程。”现在像“Guanxi”、“Chengguan”这种“中国特色”的中文音译词语经常出现英文读物中。这些词源于中国没错,却不见得可以自豪。 “Guanxi”:被收入牛津词典的最出名中文音译词被收入牛津词典的中文音译词,最出名的就是“Guanxi”。《牛津英语词典》对此的释义是:“源于中国普通话,字面上理解和‘联系’是一个意思,特指在中国有助于商业活动和其他交易的社交网络系统、有影响力的人际关系。”2013年美国《大西洋月刊》的一篇文章《摩根大通在中国:为何‘照常营业’越来越难》对“Guanxi”这个字在英语语境中的含义做了更明白的解读:“每个去中国的外国人到中国后不久,都会学到一个神奇的单词:‘Guanxi’。这是这个13亿人的国家中必要的东西。有了‘Guanxi’,就能意味着得到一份工作、进入不错的学校、或帮助新企业避免不必要的政府关注。‘拉拉’‘Guanxi’,就能快速而不费事地解决棘手的问题。” “Chengguan”:源于媒体对“中国市政准警察力量”的报道 “Chengguan”这一单词,源于英文媒体报道中国城管时无法找到对应的英文单词,只能音译。2013年7月《大西洋月刊》介绍中国“城管”制度的文章题目便是《见过“Chengguan”:中国受憎恨的、暴虐的地方警察》,其中对“Chengguan”的介绍是:“作为在中国最被广泛厌恶的市政警察,从常规警察部门中分离出来的‘Chengguan’负责管理城市生活中最卑下的一部分……虽然每个社会都有警察滥用暴力,但‘Chengguan’的残暴是中国独有的。”2013年8月《华尔街日报》以《中国城市准警察的定时》一文来介绍“城管”制度:“‘Chengguan’是中国城市政府组织、雇佣的辅助性准警察力量,负责管理各种市政问题。有关‘Chengguan’的法律太过模糊宽泛,以至于‘Chengguan’的事实权力几乎不受制约。尽管公众对‘Chengguan’凶残的暴徒行径多有怨愤,但‘Chengguan’的雇主几乎没做出任何约束他们的实质举动。” “Shuanggui”:法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词 “Shuanggui”一词,已是法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词,毋庸另作意译。关于中国法律制度的导论性英文专著,已对此制度做了直白的定义:“抛开字面矫饰,‘Shuanggui’是中国一种制度上无任何司法监察和法律规制的秘密拘禁机制”。研究此制度的政治学论文,也在摘要中开宗明义地阐述“本文研究对象为中国的‘法外拘禁’(Extralegal Detention)制度”。2012年9月《经济学人》杂志提到这个单词的另一重意义:“这是党内警察行为:中国的执政党对犯过失的内部成员另行一套法律。” “Laogai”:03年即被收入《牛津短语辞典》早于最近的“Tuhao”、“Hukou”,“Laogai”十年前就已被收入英文字典中。1994年《简明牛津英语辞典》收入了“Laogai”一词,指其是源自“劳动改造”(reform through labour)的“惩戒体制”(penalsystem)。2003年版的《牛津英语短语和寓言词典》对" Laogai "词条作了进一步的解释:“中国的劳教所系统”。《麦克米伦英语词典》也收录了“Laogai”这一词条:“英语中已知首用于1983年,指中国由劳教所网络组成的惩戒体制”。 “Hongbao”:英语世界难以理解“社交、家庭聚会中装着金钱礼物的红信封”与“贿金”的双关各种百科网站的“中国习俗”门类中一般都会介绍“送红包”的民俗:在婚礼等社交聚会、家族聚会、节日中,亲友间赠予的装有钞票或类似金钱礼物的红色包裹/信封。不过中国自古就有以“三节”(春节、中秋节、端午节)的“节敬”形式粉饰行贿的传统,而英语国家的人对此很难理解。美国一个致力于反商业贿赂的非政府组织“追踪国际”(Trace International)的主席在接受《华尔街日报》采访时,就解释了这一差异:“美国《海外反腐败法》明文有载企业‘不能直接或间接向政府官员提供、承诺或支付任何有价值的物品,以获得商业好处’。但被控行贿的企业很难向从未到过中国的美国陪审团解释,为何‘将现金装到红色密封信封中递给政府官员,在中国是得当的’,‘这是个古老的传统,在中国可能已有上千年了,如果不这样做,当地官员很可能认为自己被羞辱了’。” “Hukou”:“以分化和排斥控制社会”的“家户登记制度” “户口”之所以在英文中是直接音译为“Hukou”而非意译为“家户登记制”,是因为英语世界的居民从现实上无法理解中国的户籍制度。现实上的隔膜,正如斯坦福大学出版社2005年出版的学术专著《以分化和排斥控制社会:中国户口制度》序言向美国读者点明的“中国特色”:“想象下你作为本国公民,要迁徙到国内更繁荣的城市去,结果在目的地不能、不准在当地一大半工作岗位就业、不准在当地一大半公立学校就学,随时会因‘签证’过期而被本国市政当局拘留和驱逐。”

学术论文常用词汇英文版

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xin0908

引用数据(图表、表格):常用的动词:show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide, list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …as从句:As shown in…/As can be seen in…/As revealed by…引用/简述他人的研究/观点:XXX + V + /that…其中Verb可以为:state, claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe, develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss, observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume, speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend其它:Based on…/In the view of…/According to…表达可能性:It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径:There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …
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小考拉就是我

A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B A/B S in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法,BA代表文学学士,BS代表理学学士,***处填上专业。
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风中雨花

英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning In this paper, we focus on the need for This paper proceeds as The structure of the paper is as In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets andrelated concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature ofthe problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membershipfunctions are Details on xx and xx are discussed in later In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem,various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, anentirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service timewith stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzyservice rule are Review This review is followed by an A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx andxxx is presented in Section In the next section, a brief review of the is In the next section, a short review of is given withspecial regard to Section 2 reviews relevant research related to Section 1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodologyof action, while 2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity ofsystems and outlines the need for development of possibility Body Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decisionmaking Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includesxxx Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language Section 2 explains how flexibility which often can beexpressed in terms of fuzzy time window Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that areused in the Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way,including the … and also discusses how to evaluate system Section 3 describes a new measure of Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory inthe analysis of Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing offuzzy decision rules The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 whileSection 4 describes the xx Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying theproposed Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach tocost variance Section 4 gives a specific example of Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model ofmemory Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of theresults of Section 2 and Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xxand illustrate its use on experimental Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzyset model Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas forfurther Section 6 illustrates the model with an Various ways of justification and the reasons for theirchoice are discussed very briefly in Section In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of awhole model of human DM system In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptionswhich a scheme must In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation anduniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when thedomain of discourse is order In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empiricalstudy currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to constructmembership In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through thetwo kinds of inference This Section In this section, the characteristics and environment underwhich MRP is designed are We will provide in this section basic terminologies andnotations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent NextSection The next section describes the mathematics that goes into thecomputer implementation of such fuzzy logic However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practicalapplications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in thenext The three components will be described in the next twosection, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system willthen illustrate their We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in thefollowing The next section summarizes the method in a from that isuseful for arguments based on xx查尔斯沃思论文润色提供公 众号:lunwen64
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