It's Our Duty To Protect Our Environment保护环境是我们的义务It's our duty to protect our Where do we live? The The earth is the only one place we live So you know how important the environment 保护环境是我们的义务。我们居住在哪里？地球。地球是我们唯一居住的地方，所以可想而知环境对于我们的重要性。But now， some people are harming the environment， like cutting down trees， drawing pictures on public walls， littering onto the It's terrible if we still do 但是现在，很多人都在破坏环境，比如砍伐树木，在公共墙壁上乱涂乱画，随地扔垃圾。如果我们继续这样下去是非常可怕的。Now， it's time for all the people in the society to protect the It's our It needs each of us to make a contribution to improving the We should make our environment more and more 现在，是人们保护环境的时候了，这是我们的义务，我们都要为改善环境做贡献，我们应该努力让我们的环境变得更好。
Many people are active in fighting against unfair Many people are active in fighting against unfair Many people are active in fighting against unfair Many people are active in fighting against unfair treatment to colored people， women ， animals and so treatment to colored people， women ， animals and so treatment to colored people， women ， animals and so treatment to colored people， women ， animals and so Right now I am talking about fighting for respect to our Right now I am talking about fighting for respect to our Right now I am talking about fighting for respect to our Right now I am talking about fighting for respect to our Though the environment doesn't have a mouth Though the environment doesn't have a mouth Though the environment doesn't have a mouth Though the environment doesn't have a mouth to deprecate what humans have doto deprecate what humans have doto deprecate what humans have doto deprecate what humans have done to her， she retaliates ne to her， she retaliates ne to her， she retaliates ne to her， she retaliates through In the early years the Chinese cut down through In the early years the Chinese cut down through In the early years the Chinese cut down through In the early years the Chinese cut down large quantities of trees， at the source of the yellow large quantities of trees， at the source of the yellow large quantities of trees， at the source of the yellow large quantities of trees， at the source of the yellow river， which led to the disappearance of big forests and river， which led to the disappearance of big forests and river， which led to the disappearance of big forests and river， which led to the disappearance of big forests and terrible As a result， the Huangtu plateau which terrible As a result， the Huangtu plateau which terrible As a result， the Huangtu plateau which terrible As a result， the Huangtu plateau which was onwas onwas onwas once covered with grass and forests was turned into ce covered with grass and forests was turned into ce covered with grass and forests was turned into ce covered with grass and forests was turned into barrens that supported fewer Another example was barrens that supported fewer Another example was barrens that supported fewer Another example was barrens that supported fewer Another example was in several developed Because many chemical in several developed Because many chemical in several developed Because many chemical in several developed Because many chemical factories discharged poisonous gas without filtering it， factories discharged poisonous gas without filtering it， factories discharged poisonous gas without filtering it， factories discharged poisonous gas without filtering it， cities were covered with so much poisocities were covered with so much poisocities were covered with so much poisocities were covered with so much poisonous gas that people nous gas that people nous gas that people nous gas that people were killed by the air they breathed What horrible were killed by the air they breathed What horrible were killed by the air they breathed What horrible were killed by the air they breathed What horrible scene!What we are suffering is only a small part of what scene!What we are suffering is only a small part of what scene!What we are suffering is only a small part of what scene!What we are suffering is only a small part of what the nature once If we don't take action to show the nature once If we don't take action to show the nature once If we don't take action to show the nature once If we don't take action to show respect to the environment， we will have to face an respect to the environment， we will have to face an respect to the environment， we will have to face an respect to the environment， we will have to face an increasingly increasingly increasingly increasingly awful awful awful awful
(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件 摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域 一、 摘要的定义 摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇，一个是 abstract， 一个是 根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定，Abstract 不应与 summary 混同 Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%)现在越来越多的用法是 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用 abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词 Summary (概要) 与 abstract 无明显差别严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述其前提是读者已经通读过全文，通过 summary 来巩固论文的主要论点和成果在某些论文中，用 summary 取代正文中的 conclusion 部分 Summary 是论文的"缩影"，可以概括论文的全部内容，只是在删繁就简上下功夫，字数长短不一，少则两三句话，多则500个单词甚至更长美国的一些高等学校规定，硕士论文提要(summary)以250词左右为宜，而博士论文题要以350词左右为宜国际会议论文的提要一般规定为300 ~ 500 词或 1000 个印刷符号 至于究竟要采用什么形式，要根据征稿而定 一般说来，国际学术会议论文及要求按 Summary 方式来写摘要，而正式出版发行的刊物要修不尽一致对于个别论文还见有前面为 Abstract， 结尾又有一个Summary ， 这多半是由于文章过长，内容有多，后面的 Summary 相当于该文的缩写 二、 摘要的种类 摘要分为两类，一类是说明性摘要(Descriptive/ Indicative Abstract)，一类是资料性(Informative Abstract)摘要 说明性摘要 (Descriptive / Indicative Abstract) 如同迈克尔艾利 (Michael Alley)所说，"一篇说明性摘要是段落形式的目录，使读者手中的一份简要地图"从这句话中可以清楚地了解说明性摘要的作用说明性摘要指向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么，不涉及具体的研究方法和结果，但无法给读者提供更多的详细信息它一般是用于综述性文章，也用于讨论、评论性文章，尤以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多，常出现"… is studied"、 "…is discussed" 字样时态多用现在时或现在完成时其篇幅也较短，大多在100 ~ 150 字之间以下是一篇说明性摘要的样例 Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies， mosquitoes and rats， and by killing their adult 由于说明性摘要仅限于陈述论文的主要论题且篇幅较小，主要用于评述性的论文 资料性摘要 (Informative Abstract) 资料性摘要的优点是比说明性摘要能提供多的多的信息，它应该尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容，特别强调指出研究的方法和结果、结论等其篇幅较长，大多在150 ~250 字之间根据原文长度，也有多达500字的通常，这类的摘要反映了论文的基本面貌，能够代替阅读论文全文 Ten widespread diseases that are hazards in isolated construction camps can be prevented by removing or destroying the breeding places of flies， mosquitoes and rats， and by killing their adult The breeding of flies is controlled by proper disposal of decaying organic matter， and of mosquitoes by destroying or draining pools， or spraying them with For rats， only the indirect methods of rat-resistant houses and protected food supplies are Control of adult forms of both insects and rodens requires use of Screens are used for Minnows can be planted to eat mosquito 三、 如何写摘要 摘要的位置 摘要的位置是确定的，一般在作者工作单位的下方如: Cultural Differences Between China and USA (标题) Xu Ying (署名) Hunan University (Changsha， Hunan， 410082) (工作单位) Abstract: (摘要) Key words: (关键词) 写作要点 (1) 长度:有专家认为150 ~ 200 个词之间;文章长度的五分之一 有些刊物会规定摘要的篇幅不能超过一定的字数，如:在80 ~ 100 之间，在投稿前应查询 若刊物没有规定长度时，可以参阅已发表的文章长度参加国际会议的论文摘要有字数限制，一般要求200 ~ 500 个词之间，约1000个印刷符号(美国化学文献、医学文献的论文摘要规定在200个词以内) (2) 不要重复论文中的句子 (3) 避免列举大堆数据 (4) 一般只是一个段落，不要将其分为数段 (5) 不要使用祈使句、感叹句、公式、表格等 (6) 完成论文后在写摘要 (7) 一般使用第三人称或被动语态 (8) 语言需简明扼要 下面请看一段论文摘要: This paper deals with the English syllabus for graduate students in C The paper first reviews the history of the graduate English teaching， then discusses the shortcomings in the syllabus and finally proposes some suggestions for its (本回答由学术堂整理提供)
