附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available translating is a mental， multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the ”(wilss， 1982: 217)‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”’（张南峰，1990：59-60） 附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)wilss， the science of translation – problems and gunter narr verlag tubingen，wmark， a textbook of new york: prentice hall， delabastita， translating puns: a false opposition in translation target， 1991(3:2):137- 专业： 研究方向： 作者： 导师： 写作时间： — 对外经济贸易大学英语学院（英文）school of international studiesuniversity of international business and economicspragmatic strategies in advertising: implicatureswang yinga thesis submitted to school of international studies of university of international business and economicsin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of artsapril 2002beijing， china参考资料:
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation since early 20th century， translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on， schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts) dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore， translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison， and is incorporated in social and cultural my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation， description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice， from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies， brainstorming and the revision， to the final product making appearance in the target the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data， some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function， process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation in this regard， my observations are limited to several aspects， i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of 2 outline 1 development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function， process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation， multiple translation， translationese， norm 2 methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept 3 dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this 4 case study in this part， translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at 5 conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study， possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made (note: while the topic will remain the same， the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of ) 0 000
