The lighter drive 更轻便的驾驶理念Electric cars made from carbon fibre will be safer and go farther 电瓶汽车+碳纤维材料=安全，耐用They look safe in thereMARK WEBBER has a lot to thank tiny strands of carbon When his Formula 1 car cartwheeled in a spectacular 306kph (190mph) crash at the recent Valencia Grand Prix， what helped him to escape unscathed was the immensely strong carbon-fibre “tub” that racing drivers now sit Carbon fibre is an expensive alternative to making things in steel or aluminium， but besides being extremely strong it is also very It is found in high-performance parts， like aircraft wings， bits of supercars and the frames of pricey mountain But if work by Germany’s BMW proves successful， it could also become the material of choice to mass-produce electric 6月，F1瓦伦西亚大奖赛发生了惊人一幕：以每小时306公里（190英里）行驶在赛道上的马克�6�1韦伯发生了严重的翻车事故。奇迹的是，韦伯本人毫发无 伤。奥妙之处就在于当下流行于F1的——碳纤维底座。虽然与铁，铝相比，它的造价较高，但是抗压及轻便性都远远好于铁和铝。目前，炭纤维材料还大多使用在 高精度领域，如飞机机翼，F1赛车，或是私人山地车等。不过这一传统观念可能会被宝马公司打破，一旦试验成功，那么碳纤维就可以率先广泛应用在电动汽车领 域。The Bavarian carmaker plans to launch a new plug-in electric car in It will be one of the first designed from scratch to use an electric motor rather than being converted from an existing Reducing the weight of this four-seater car， known as the Megacity concept， will be crucial to improving its performance and So BMW is planning to use no steel at The Megacity will be built as two modules: an aluminium chassis will contain the electric drive-system and battery， and a body made almost entirely of carbon fibre will be fitted onto 德国汽车制造商正计划将在2013年推出一款电瓶可拆卸式环保车。这并不是从现有车型改装而来，而是设计师卧薪尝胆的一次全新尝试。更轻便的4人坐驾，完 全符合现代城市环保理念，这款“无铁”车型的设计，彰显出了它的与众不同与理念上的更新换代。但是这样一个设想目前还处在起步阶段，或许成功的那天，汽车 铝制底盘上充电驾驶装置与设备，及全身碳纤维的设计工艺，能够更好的诠释大城市的环保概念。Carbon fibre is 30% lighter than aluminium and 50% lighter than The fibres are extremely tear- When woven into a lattice structure and impregnated with resin they can produce a part that is stronger than The trouble is the process is labour-intensive and slow， not least because components may have to be cured for hours under pressure in massive ovens called For carmakers， used to stamping out steel body-parts in a few seconds， this has ruled out carbon fibre for high-volume BMW， however， aims to change 碳纤维比铝轻便30%，是铁的50%。同时，由于纤维具有极强的抗断裂性，再融入树脂形成晶体结构后，那么它的强度就要超过铁。但是这道工序属于劳动密集 型，效率相对较低，以前车用铁制品的切割仅需要几秒钟时间就能完成，而现在则需要在高压炉内高温锻造几个小时，因此，大量生产碳纤维的可能性不高。不过， 宝马公司目前也正在试图改变这一情况。Its production line starts with a so-called precursor: a fibre spun from a This is carbonised by heating it in multiple stages to leave individual carbon fibres just seven microns (007 millimetres) Around 50，000 of these fibres are bundled together into a yarn which is then made into a This can be cut and handled like a Strips of fabric are then overlaid to align their fibres in such a way to maximise their load-bearing characteristics as required—in effect tailoring components like a bespoke 现在，宝马生产线守开先河，将聚合体加工成纤维状，这个碳化过程需要在高温下进行几道工序，最后产生的碳纤维厚度只有7微米（007毫米）。然后，大 概将5000根这样的纤维拧成一股就成了纤维织物，再将这样的纤维根据它的陌生能力将它切割成最合适的尺寸，实际上，这个步骤与量体裁衣有异曲同工之妙。Along come the robots 自动机将助一臂之力BMW uses molds， heat and pressure to produce contours in the Resin is then injected into the molds to bond the fibres How the resin flows through the fibres is crucial; it has to be done quickly and leave no area untreated before it starts to A release agent in the resin migrates to the surface to prevent the component sticking in the The whole process， which can be handled by robots， is completed in 然后，再利用模具与高温将纤维织物打造成型。首先，将树脂注入模具粘合纤维，这里有两个细节非常关键，一是动作要快不能拖泥带水，二是在没有粘合之前确保 模具内的树脂流向均匀。树脂中混有的隔离剂此时发挥功效，避免了纤维与模具发生粘连。整道工序，在自动仪器的协助下，仅需几分钟便可完成。The resulting carbon-fibre parts are bonded together to construct the body of the Besides their lightness， BMW’s experimental vehicles have exceeded expectations in crash tests， says the During front- and rear-impact-tests the aluminium chassis crumples to absorb energy， but leaves the rigid carbon-fibre passenger compartment Even extreme side-impacts protected the crash dummies and the battery (automatically switched off when the airbags trigger) In many cases crash damage is reparable by cutting out broken sections of carbon fibre and bonding in new 此时的碳纤维就可以应用于汽车制造。宝马公司声称：除了超轻便的特性之外，碳纤维的抗挤压能力也令人惊叹。在对车头车尾抗冲击测试中发现，一方面是铝制底 盘受到挤压而变形，缓冲了部分能量，而坚硬的碳纤维能够保证车身安然无恙。即使是侧面来的强力冲击，也能够有效保护车厢内假人模型及电瓶毫发无伤（当然， 气囊装置启动电瓶能够自动断电）。即便是车身有所受损，也不用担心，切割掉受损部分再粘合上新部件，完全可以让车体恢复原状。At some point， however， carbon-fibre cars will be Steel and aluminium is easy to recycle， but carbon fibre is Carmakers are working with aerospace firms on ways to do BMW has pioneered a process to reuse offcuts by breaking them up with heat to turn them back into raw This can be used to make composites with about half the strength of new carbon 铝的回收再利用技术已经非常成熟，但是从某角度来说，碳纤维这方面的技术还有待研究。目前，制造商正和宇宙空间机构合作，试图填补这一空白。眼下，处理碳 纤维“边脚料”最先进的方法还是来自宝马公司，他们通过高温分解，能够使之退回成未加工状态。通过此种方法生产出的复合材料也具有碳纤维一半的硬度。Another advantage of a carbon-fibre body is that it will not So， apart from the battery wearing out in ten years or so， electric cars could last for decades (electric motors need little servicing) This will make it even harder for car designers to persuade those driving electrically to trade in their rustless， tough-as-old-boots vehicles for a new 碳纤维的另一优势在于不易腐蚀，如果不考虑电瓶10年左右的使用寿命，这种碳纤维电瓶汽车可以使用长达几十年（当然马达还是需要检修的）。与结实耐穿的靴 子让人不忍丢弃一样，当设计理念再有突飞猛进的发展时，如何让使用者放弃碳纤维电瓶汽车，设计者可要好好动一番脑筋喽。英文附带汉语拼音，希望对你有所帮助。
Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002
How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain If you drive a stick-shift car， then you may have several questions floating in your How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound， what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article， we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First， any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second， if you have read How Horsepower Works， then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example， an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5，500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros， manual See more transmission Ideally， the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single， best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past， CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost， size and reliability， so you didn't see them in production These days， improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine
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