美国留学申请中需要的Writing Sample是什么，根据一些院校网站上的要求是sample of your academic written works，说泛一点，可以是你写过的任何一篇(或数篇，根据要求)学术论文。下面给大家总结一些Writing Sample写作的建议。第一类，中文期刊、学位论文的翻译就是将你在中文论文进行翻译，要注意翻译时专业词汇的选择和格式的统一，关于格式最后再仔细谈。如果是对国内硕士论文的翻译，那就得考虑学校关于字数的限制了，全文翻译可能就超出了限制，所以得选择章节，而且能够概括。第二类，英文期刊、会议论文，英文专业本硕毕业论文，海外兵团的课程论文和学位论文有牛人在英文国际期刊发表了，那敢情好直接作为你的sample;会议论文得将你的presentation转换为report了;英文专业的本科硕士毕业论文是英文的，可以直接用，但建议进一步修改和完善;越来越多的海外兵团出现，对于这个群体，可以使用自己很满意得分高也与自己申请专业有关的课程论文作为你的sample，因为毕竟经过鬼子的评价，根据评价做调整，同样海外硕士MA THESIS也可以选择chapter作为申请材料的一部分，套磁阶段可以将MA THESIS 的电子版发给老师看，如果是相同领域。第三类，拼了老命从零开始写的那类这一类应该是针对大多数吧，从零开始对于各位也有两种选择，一种是literature + reflection of one's own experience and practice+implications， 这类呢就是从理论出发谈某一方面并结合自己实际，批判分析，得出建议;另一类就是develop a research proposal， 个人觉得比较prefer这种，教授比较想看到研究计划，因为通过研究计划就能了解你的研究设计和方向，你的理论能力分析能力，我个人也是非常赞同这样的说法，一个好的研究计划对于文科生比你套磁套几百封都来得有用，我所知道的欧洲，香港，新加坡在研究性学位(MPhil/PhD)的申请没有需要'WS'，直接点名要proposal，这代表你未来学习的方向，对于米国，也许他们的ws就是proposal吧。 Proposal一般来说分为introduction，literature review， research questions， research methods， values and implications。 literature review最难写，你要选择理论，批判分析，找出不足，找出空白，一方面来证明你的研究课题是有价值的，要问‘怎么写’，多看书多看书，不看书提出来的research questions都是缺乏基础的，research question本身要细化，虽然你以后入学后会调整，但是第一步不能让人家觉得太泛，连老师自己都不敢去做，try to be more 关于methods， 学习前人研究的设计和看一些方法论的书对你是有帮助的;values那就是你的研究的意义，一方面弥补了这个领域研究的一小块空白，或者从新的角度去分析，另一方面在现实中的应用是什么，等等。如果看上面介绍有点麻烦复杂的话，你可以这样理解WS，就是一篇你写过的文献综述、小论文。它没有具体的格式和字数要求，只有具有一定的学术性就行。 Writing Sample中文长的会有10页左右，一万字左右，翻译成英文因为要DOUBLE-SPACED，所以长度就暴增。Writing Sample当中比较重要的就是NOTES， REFERENCES，也就是我们所说的注和参考文献。具体的格式去图书馆找两篇英文的论文，有些搞历史的学者写的文章，注很地道，REFERENCE里面还分成SCHOLARLY REFERENCE和ACADEMIC REFERENCE，可以好好参考一下。老师看文章，都是先翻到最后一页看你的注释和参考文献，如果这部分比较详实，就能留下一个好印象。至于你在文章内容立意上能否有所突破，倒还是其次的，首先就是形式上要像样，要中规中矩。
Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing The marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project， promotion/advertising details， products involved and their quantity available， distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant， various costing information should be included， particularly the research and advertising Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market， as in the home trade， it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that To answer that question is one of the objects of market Export market research， in particular， is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be It may be carried out to determine: If a new product likely to find a Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new Why sales of a product have declined， either generally or in a certain area Here， in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider， for example: Political and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade Their policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs， duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new Physical and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat Social Conditions If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels， there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury It may be desirable， even necessary，for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language，with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing Surveys may be very expensive， and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person， by telephone， or by Personal Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not Ordinarily， it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview han by telephone: or Also， the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ，neighborhood， and apparent standard of The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost， the length of time needed to conduct the survey， and the chance of introducing ，errors during the Telephone Survey In a telephone survey， the respondent， is approached by telephone， and interview is completed at that Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews， but more flexible than mail Another significant advantage is that a survey -may be For instance， people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so， the name of the program and the One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the Interviewing by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys，Also， if the respondents remain anonymous， they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list， especially for a broad-scale If the sample can be drawn from a limited list， such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine， the list presents no Another significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns， Particularly when the returns are- If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents， the survey results will be Further，the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling Ideally :Y'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market＿Research on Smoking A Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No，terminate) B H many do you smoke a day? C What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ，Standard ，Large D Do you smoke filter ? Yes/No E Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method， the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved， although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional For instance，if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，or in determining what brands they Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several It can be highly accurate．Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given， The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual The observation technique reduces interviewer However， the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as : Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell It cannot delve into motives， attitudes，or Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing 7 The experimental method may be used in several different In one instance， a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market This technique consist establishing a control market， in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets，in which one factor is A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its In city A， the product is marketed in its traditional In each of cities B， C， and D， a different color is All other factor are kept By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;．the manufacturer， hopes to determine which color is most The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket The problem is that it is It requires long periods of careful planning and Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there is a Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly， and The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations， submitted， in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects， for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation， the maker or the exporter will， of course; take measures to promote， exporting of the goods to that A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one By means of advertisements a supplier， tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy Advertising can， be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be．engaged as an Purpose of Advertising To Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before An advertisement for a car may include some technical details， so that part of the advertisement is Another advertisement may be irely informative，such as the announcement of the opening of a new 2 To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts， its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the To do this various subtle methods may be The illustration， for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products， you will find that they contain little or no technical One would not expect to find a scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap， of course， but an examination of advertisement medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the 3: To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry，the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising They say nothing but serve a purpose in constantly reminding the public of， the， name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example， very few people are interested in A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each If a newspaper sells a million copies， it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others， because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport， fashion， the arts; Different一types of people read different newspapers， so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his For example， an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to There are magazines which men read， those which women read and those which both Within each 9 group there is specialization， so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond， the huge cost twill have been One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously， it will make an On the other hand， when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters， advertisements on vans and buses and in The message must be simple and short， perhaps with an immediately recognizable Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found， the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business Undoubtedly， he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing， and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business The information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various They are chiefly banks， trade associations professional credit information services， and consulates Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide， without any responsibility on their part，a credit or financial report on the trader， which is usually considered as private and The report is based on the relative references， files， and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or
