你可以从以下几个方面着手：•the difference between the United Kingdom， Great Britain， and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England， Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain， which is part of the United K • The UK includes England， Wales， Scotland， and Northern I E Wales， Scotland， and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud， independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive， hardworking， serious-minded and cautious with (In the past， they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America， Canada， Australia， South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages， the Popes was extremely In the 16th century， some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th， Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain， Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God， and his teaching is contained in the Bible， the holy book of C In Europe， Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church， Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today， since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today， because far from being public， public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel， the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government， the armed forces， the church， t he universities， the professions， and even in They say， this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England， parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton， Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools， they are private elementary schools in Britain， which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen， the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， since its main target is not the “eleven plus，” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13， for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly， their perfect system， their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools， and ，many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly， many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government， in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly， all public schools too， except a few of recognized standard， are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews， Glasgow， Aberdeen， and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction， which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody， and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course， successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure， as far as it can， that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment， old age， sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed， or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work， and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first， but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family， nothing is paid， but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their
本科毕业论文开题报告 论文题目the Application and Innovationof Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状 1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来， 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜， 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究， 得出了不同的结论， 因而往往是旧谜刚解， 新谜又出， 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉， 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统， 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力， 将现实与超现实融为一体， 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力， 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一， 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”， 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”， 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事， 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品， 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代， 到70 年代以后， 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响， 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索， 到2000 年9月为止， 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外， 还至少出版专著达184部， 其中1970 年以后为126 部， 仅90 年代就达59 部， 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然，近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加， 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展， 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲） 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉， 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统， 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力， 将现实与超现实融为一体， 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力， 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一， 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”， 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”， 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic 1 Definition of Gothic 2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1 Historical R1 Folklore in Germantic N2 Drama in the R3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 2 Development of the Novel I1 Challenge of Romanticism to R2 Sublime and Beautiful Emily’s Gothic Heritage 1 Theme 1 Good and Evil 2 Revenge 2 Characters Description 1 Villain-hero 2 Delicate Young Girl 3 Atmosphere， Environment and Plot 1 Terror 2 Mystery 3 Supernatural Emily’s Gothic Innovation 1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 1 Change of the Background 2 Use of Symbolism 3 Stream of Consciousness 4 Illusion and Subconsciousness Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料； 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排 （1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。 （2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 （3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。 （4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 （5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿 （6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 （7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。 （8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条） [1] Bronte， C Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition， Wuthering H London: J M Dent Sons L [2] Gerin， W Emily Bronte [M] New York: Oxford University P [3] Marie， Mulvey-R The handbook to gothic literature [A] New York: New York University P [4] Punter， D The Literature of Terror [M] London: L [5] 方平 1993 希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M] 上海译文出版社 第24页 [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人 2000 夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M] 张淑荣等译 北京: 团结出版社 第11—12页 [7] 肖明翰 英美文学中的哥特传统[J] 外国文学评论第3期 [8] 鲜于静 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA] 中国学位论文全文库
