爱迪生 Edison Edison，Thomas Alva was an American To the creation of factory laboratories， technology development and to open up avenues of scientific research in close connection with the name lowered February 11， 1847 in the Ohio Mailan a Dutch immigrant October 18， 1931 in New Jersey Xiaolan in Produced only three months of formal education 12-year-old has done Bao Tong， hawkers， Rapporteur， to fend for Because M Faraday effect in life science research experiments and In 1868 he invented a recording device to sell to Taiwan votes Congress， but has not been Edison first invented so that he did not find the market more attention to the relevance of the 1869， Edison moved to New York from B He improved the indicators cable companies telegraph， the recognition by the manager of the company， employed 300 US dollars monthly salary (which at the time was very high salary) 1870， moved to New Jersey to begin his efficient invention 1874 improved 1876， to the Bell invented the telephone with a carbon Reap route， and raised the words 1876， founded his famous In the laboratory， he broke the previous individual scientists to engage in research tradition， organized a group of professionals (including N Tesla and others)， and the subject of his assignment， a common commitment to the invention， thus creating the correct way to modern scientific 1877， invented gramophone， which makes him 1878， the study began incandescent lamp in the 10 months after many failures， October 21， 1879 in the successful location of incandescence light lights carbon silk， stable location between two 1882， in New York pearl Street Block communal fire was the world's second plant， built in New York Urban Electric lighting， a modern electricity system to take Mar lighting achievement has not only greatly improved the working conditions of production， but also herald an era of daily life electrification 1883， Edison bulbs in a vacuum test， accidentally discovered the cold， there is a current hot This phenomenon was called the Edison effect， become electron tube and electronic 1887， from Xiaolan government， and in the same year in a larger city， the laboratory equipment is also updated the famous Edison Laboratory (later known as the invention factory) Here， according to G School invention， produced its own 1914， by Gramophone and camera film produced by the first audio Old age， his inventions and innovations including batteries， cement mixer， sound recording telephone， double - and multi-type cable system， railways used First World War， he served as Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee to guide torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment research， invented dozens of To this end， the United States government in 1920 conferred on him the Distinguished Services Medal serving， the French government awarded honorary medals to his Corps 1928， the United States Congress to grant him honorary Throughout their entire life cycle， Edison and his laboratory received 1，093 patents for their Edison invented many life， but he is after all a system of scientific knowledge， and thus to the development of modern technology can not make the right In the 19th century， the exchange of transmission system has emerged， but he still insisted on direct current transmission， and with G Westinghouse Niehaus fierce competition occurred lost Niagara hydropower project contracts; He blindly testing laboratory magnetic milling equipment， the invention Electric depletion of the funds had to be However， Edison electricity in the development， application of electric appliances manufacturing promote the contribution that he became the history of mankind's greatest inventor the
Emily Bront was born on July 30th， 1818， the 5th child of the Reverend Patrick Bront?， a stern Evangelical curate， and his wife M When Emily was three years old， her mother died of cancer， and her Aunt Branwell， a strict Calvinist， moved in to help raise the six children (another daughter， Anne， was born soon after Emily) They lived in a parsonage in Haworth with the bleak moors of Yorkshire on one side and the parish graveyard on the When Emily was 6 years old she went to a boarding school run by charity， the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge， where her older sisters Maria， Elizabeth， and Charlotte were already The school was in no sense a material improvement over her home environment: it was run with the intention of punishing the pupils' bodies that their souls might be The students were kept hungry， cold， tired， and often ill: Maria in particular， who at her young age did her best to mother her sisters， was treated extremely In 1825 Maria and Elizabeth both died of tuberculosis， the disease that was later to claim Emily's own life， and that of her younger sister A Following these new bereavements， the surviving sisters Charlotte and Emily were taken home， but they would never forget the terrors and the hardship of their lives at Charlotte made it the model for the charity school Lowood， which figures so prominently in the life of her heroine Jane ELife at home was much better for Emily and her siblings: in their isolated childhood on the moors， they developed an extremely close relationship partly based on their mutual participation in a vibrant game of make- In 1826 their father brought Branwell a box of wooden soldiers， and each child chose a soldier and gave him a name and character: these were to be the foundation of the creation of a complicated fantasy world， which the Bront?s actively worked on for 16 They made tiny books containing stories， plays， histories， and poetry written by their imagined heros and Unfortunately， only ones written by Charlotte and Branwell survive: of Emily's work we only have her poetry， and indeed her most passionate and lovely poetry is written from the perspectives of inhabitants of "G" For Emily， it seems that the fantastic adventures in imaginary Gondal coexisted on almost an equal level of importance and reality with the lonely and mundane world of household chores and walks on the One would be mistaken， however， to conclude that the poetic beauty of Gondal was essentially different from that which Emily saw in the world around This becomes clear in her novel Wuthering Heights， in which her familiar Yorkshire surroundings become the setting for a tragedy whose passion and beauty is equal to anything that could be imagined Passion is in no way inconsistent with empty moors， cold winters， and brown As might be imagined from her intense emotional and artistic attachment to the country of her childhood， Emily Bront? very rarely spent any time away from home: indeed she could hardly do so at In 1835， at the age of seventeen she went to school at Roe Head where Charlotte was teaching， but became so pale and thin that her sister was convinced she would die unless she returned She left home again to be a governess in 1837 (a failure) and to study in Belgium in 1842， but both times she found she was unable to bear being away from home and her beloved， wild She could not adapt to playing the role of a genteel Victorian lady， or deal with the intrusion of strangers into her life ? she could never fit Emily never made any close friends outside of her family In 1845 Charlotte came across Emily's Gondal poems and read them， which made Emily furious when she found However， the discovery led to the publication of a volume of Charlotte， Emily， and Anne's poetry under the names of Currer， Ellis， and Acton B They sold only two copies， but did not give up writing: Wuthering Heights was probably written in 1845-6， while Charlotte was working on The Professor and Jane Eyre， and Anne wrote Agnes G Wuthering Heights (by Ellis Bell)， was published in 1847， and attracted considerable critical attention: many people were shocked and horrified by sheer violence of Emily's While his sister were on their way to becoming famous authors， Branwell had failed as a painter and lapsed into alcoholism and drug He died in September of 1848， and his death marked the beginning of Emily's own Tuberculosis killed her rapidly， perhaps because she stoically refused to make any concession to her ill health， continuing to get up early every day to feed her numerous animals even when she could barely She died with heroic fortitude on December 19th， 1848， at the age of 30， and did not have time to appreciate the last flowering sprig of heather which Charlotte had found on the moors for her wild Emily Bront?'s stern self-discipline and passionate creative vision have continued to entrance modern readers through her poetry and especially her masterpiece， Wuthering H 你看看行不行，要不行我再改改
本科毕业论文开题报告 论文题目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来， 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜， 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究， 得出了不同的结论， 因而往往是旧谜刚解， 新谜又出， 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉， 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统， 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力， 将现实与超现实融为一体， 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力， 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一， 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”， 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”， 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事， 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品， 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代， 到70 年代以后， 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响， 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索， 到2000 年9月为止， 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外， 还至少出版专著达184部， 其中1970 年以后为126 部， 仅90 年代就达59 部， 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然，近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加， 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展， 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲） 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉， 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统， 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力， 将现实与超现实融为一体， 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力， 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一， 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”， 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”， 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic 1 Definition of Gothic 2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1 Historical Reasons 1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 2 Drama in the Renaissance 3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 2 Development of the Novel Itself 1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 2 Sublime and Beautiful Emily’s Gothic Heritage 1 Theme 1 Good and Evil 2 Revenge 2 Characters Description 1 Villain-hero 2 Delicate Young Girl 3 Atmosphere， Environment and Plot 1 Terror 2 Mystery 3 Supernatural Emily’s Gothic Innovation 1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 1 Change of the Background 2 Use of Symbolism 3 Stream of Consciousness 4 Illusion and Subconsciousness Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料； 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排 （1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。 （2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 （3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。 （4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 （5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿 （6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 （7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。 （8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条） [1] Bronte， C Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition， Wuthering H London: J M Dent Sons L [2] Gerin， W Emily Bronte [M] New York: Oxford University P [3] Marie， Mulvey-R The handbook to gothic literature [A] New York: New York University P [4] Punter， D The Literature of Terror [M] London: L [5] 方平 1993 希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M] 上海译文出版社 第24页 [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人 2000 夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M] 张淑荣等译 北京: 团结出版社 第11—12页 [7] 肖明翰 英美文学中的哥特传统[J] 外国文学评论第3期 [8] 鲜于静 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA] 中国学位论文全文库
