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有关中西方饮食文化差异的英语论文题目有哪些

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only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat

有关中西方饮食文化差异的英语论文题目有哪些

154 评论(11)

tnvkf44

这个是一番大工程呀,短时间内不太好写哦,就自己琢磨琢磨吧
104 评论(15)

nano_energy

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美,是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色,这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国,饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性,这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学,其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐,最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸,就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
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事事如意

檫,我今年也是这题目
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