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十年树木,百年树人。国民教育、中小学教育对一代代国民的基本素养的形成与提高最为关键。目前我们的中小学教育存在着很多问题,个人以为最大的问题是:知性教育太过,德性教育不足;科技教育偏胜,人文教育不及。本人在此提出一些不成熟的看法,以就教于方家。不当之处,敬请指教。中国的教育界太过功利化,目光短浅,问题很多。目前我国中学生数理化教育的水准,特别是数学教育的水平,已高出欧美四、五个档次,还在不断拔高、加码、升级。在高考指挥棒下,当下的“课改”适得其反,只能是更加层层加码,又增加了数理化,特别是数学的难度,揠苗助长,使不少中学生失去了学习数学(或数理化)的兴趣。中小学,特别是中学理工科基础教育与人文学科基础教育严重失衡,理科太偏重了。如果拿智育与德育相比,智育太过,德育不及。两者根本未达到所谓车之两轮、鸟之双翼的平衡状态。在文科基础教育中,政治教育取代人文、人性教育与道德教育的状况又特别严重。整个社会的政治教育与道德教育(不用说中小学的)仍然是老一套,教条化,根本不能打动人心,管乎人心,渗透到人的信仰、行为中去。社会上多数大干部尚且说一套做一套,贿赂公行,官德不在,遑论其他人呢?人性、心性、性情教育,文化理念与信仰的教育是根本的、管总的、长久的,是超乎政治意识形态之上的东西。我肯定适当的政治教育的必要性,但认为一定要有限度。政治的价值是短时效的,人文、人性的价值,中华民族历史文化的价值是长久的,根本的。这里有本末的关系,不可颠倒。我们现在最缺乏的是生动活泼的、适合不同学龄孩子的人性的教育,人之所以为人的基本价值观、做人做事底线与终极信仰的教育,而这对于国家民族的长久利益,对现代法治社会、公民社会的公民底线伦理与伦理共识的建构,意义十分重大。做什么人,培养什么人,是根本。人是目的,不是工具、手段。现在的社会风气,声色犬马,唯利是图,社会教育、家庭教育、学校教育都面临很多难题。社会上成年人、老师、家长的生活方式、行多方式、情感方式、价值观念,对孩子们的影响是最大的。中小学出现的校园暴力与其他现象,例如有的孩子受到性侵害的现象,令人忧心忡忡。故我们不仅希望学校师长,更呼吁整个社会,大多数家庭,特别是干部、知识分子、大中小学教师都来整齐风俗,移风易俗,正心诚意,洁身自好,坚持做人的底线,并用心去做好人性、性情的教育。一、为什么要重视国文与国学教育每一个中国人,更不要说承担着传承文明、教育下一代重任的中小学的干部、教师(无论教哪一门课的教师),都应当掌握好母语,具有中国历史文化的常识。作为一个国家的公民、国民,有接触本国经典的义务。一个西方人,不管从事什么行业,在他经受的家庭、社会、学校教育中,起码诵读过、学习过荷马史诗,柏拉图或亚里士多德等希腊哲学,西塞罗等罗马政论,莎士比亚的文学作品等。这都是视为当然的,是他们的人文修养的基本功。一个中国人,也应当掌握好母语,具有中国文化的常识。可是在我国,如果我们让青少年读一点有关孔子、孟子、老子、庄子的书,会被认为是旧守复古、大逆不道。这是非常奇怪的事情。近年来,这种情况有所好转。2001年5月我在德国。有一天,莱比锡大学的一位女教师陪我到该校去作演讲,途中她先送女儿上幼儿园。她对我说:“我送女儿到教会办的幼儿园去,幼儿园的老师们常给孩子们讲《圣经》中的故事。这是要让孩子们从小接受我们这个文化最基本的做人的教育,博爱的教育。从幼儿园到大学,都是不允许传教的,孩子们长大以后信不信教,由他们自己选择,成年以后的事,家长不干预。但作为家长,一定要让孩子在幼小的时候就接受我们自己文化中最基本的伦理的教育。”我的朋友、德国特里尔大学的文学院长、汉学家波尔教授(他的中国名字叫卜松山)曾经在北京与特里尔多次郑重地对我说过:“你们中国有很好的伦理资源,特别是儒家文化中有很多很好的做人的道理,可惜你们放弃了,没有用这些本土的文化资源教育后代,这非常遗憾!”卜松山先生是中国通,他翻译了郑板桥,会唱道情,研究中国美学,也研究儒家道德哲学。法国的小学、中学的国文教育,注重本土文化思想的训练,中学生即开始学笛卡尔、马勒伯郎士的哲学,孟德斯鸠、卢梭的政治学等。法国对所有大学生的国文教育,重视古典语言和希腊、罗马的典籍,及有关宗教、历史、哲学、伦理、政治、经济等古典著作的阅读。现代欧美大多数知识分子在成长过程中反复受到上述古典的教育,浸润于其中。一个社会,如果没有基本的伦理共识,那是非常危险、非常可怕的。再严密的法律,代替不了社会的伦理道德;进一步说,健康的现代化的法治社会恰恰是建立在民众的底线伦理、民众的伦理共识的文化土壤之上的。我们到美国去过的同志都知道,美国一些地方的治安状况很好,真可以说是“道不拾遗,夜不闭户”。为什么呢?除了法治健全之外,大凡这些地区的社区文化比较健康,或者基督教、天主教的道德教育做得好。这些地方的离婚率很低,家庭和谐稳定。作为一个中国人,不能不读《四书》(《论语》、《孟子》、《大学》、《中庸》)。《四书》之于中国,如同《阿含经》之于印度,《可兰经》之于阿拉伯,《新约》、《旧约》之于西方。法国的启蒙思想家推崇儒家人道、人性的学说,用以反对神学,他们把儒家的“己所不欲,勿施于人”写进1793年宪法及《人权宣言》。二战结束后,国际联盟(即今天的联合国)在通过《人权宣言》时,中国代表张彭春先生(清华大学国学研究院的研究生)起过很多作用,张先生把儒家的智慧渗透进去,并以儒家智慧来协调各方,使该宣言得以通过。联合国大厦镌刻着孔子的一句话:“己所不欲,勿施于人”。1993年在芝加哥,六千五百位来自世界各地的宗教领袖,通过了一个《世界伦理宣言》,这个宣言有两条基本原则,其中之一就是孔子的“己所不欲,勿施于人”。这句话的意思是:自己不想要的东西绝不要强加给别人,当然这不是指物质上的东西,而是指的人格尊严。自己不想受到别人的羞辱,那您首先就要尊重别人,不要羞辱别人。反过来说,您想要别人怎么对待您,您就要那样地去对待别人。这可以推广为国家、民族、宗教、文化之间相互对话与交往的准则。几十年以来,中国大陆的幼儿教育、中小学教育中,缺乏国文、国学基本知识和传统道德的教育,近十多年来虽有所好转,但仍然不令人满意。就取得全社会普遍的族群认同与伦理共识而言,就和谐社会的建构与可持续发展而言,幼儿与中小学教育中的国文、国学教育是基础的基础。因此,全社会都应当重视对幼儿、小学生和中学生加强中华民族人文知识与人文精神的教育。不然,大学人文教育就根本没有办法做好。从公民的文化教养与民族文明的健康发展来看,应当有法律严格禁止中学生的文理分科。同样的,我国应当为民族传统文化的承传立法,或者说,应当在法律上规定,必须对幼儿与中小学生进行传统语言与文化的教育,维护民族语言与文化的纯洁与尊严。必须改变目前青少年学英语的时间、精力大大超过学习国语的状况。人的一生中受到最大影响的,除了自己的父母、兄弟姐妹外,就是小学、中学的教师了。我十分感念我的父母兄长,我的小学老师、中学老师。他们在言传身教中教会了我们如何做人。我们的中小学教师们都很辛苦。老师们的一言一行,直接影响着学生,甚至影响学生一辈子。但由于教育制度、结构和种种原因,今天的中小学教师以及今天的为人祖父母、为人父母者的国文与国学素养,却不敢恭维。因此要大力培养师资。我举双手赞同儿童读经。2003年我在日本讲学,曾专程去福冈看望了九五高龄的冈田武彦先生。冈田先生九十高龄时还在福冈的一家幼儿园给孩子们讲《论语》。冈田先生说,东方文化中有很多珍宝还未开发出来,东方文化一定会胜过西方文化。儿童背一点蒙学读物,如《三字经》、《百家姓》、《千字文》、《弟子规》、《千家诗》等,背一点《论语》《孟子》《老子》,背一点古代诗词等,很有好处。我认识一些儿童的家长,他们指导自己的子女或孙子女,适当背诵一点古代经典,对开发智力很有好处。十三岁以前语言记忆能力很强,多背一点,打一点童子功很有必要。这一年龄段只要背,以后再慢慢理解、反刍,终身受益无穷。这不仅对孩子们学人文有好处,而且对孩子们学科学有好处,对孩子们将来做人、立身行世都有好处。过去一些有名的自然科学家都有很好的文化修养、文史哲的功底,例如数学家华罗庚先生、李国平先生等,都善诗词书法。他们从小都背过经典,接受的教育很全面。各位不用担心孩子们现在懂不懂,担心的倒是孩子会向家长与老师挑战,老师与家长必须懂一点国学初步,也就是要略知经、史、子、集,略懂基本的经典。从《光明日报》的报道中可知,不少全国人大代表、政协委员肯定儿童读经,特别表扬了沈阳市皇姑屯区所有的小学生每天早上用20分钟诵读蒙学读物与《论语》。我认为是非常值得推广的。我们应在中小学教育中恢复毛笔字的教育与训练。我们的高小与中学语文课本中应按年级适度增加文言文的比重,到高二、高三,至少应有五、六成的古文。繁体字是中华文化的重要内容与载体,我建议认真考虑已故任继愈先生的倡议,让中小学生与国民“识繁用简”。人文教育事关孩子们的人格成长、心理健康。人文教育包括全人类、东西方人文精神的教育,其中外国的,特别是西方的人文精神的学习非常重要。但相比较而言,国学与国文教育又是基础的基础。国文、国学中有很多属于博雅教育、心性修养与君子人格培育的范畴,属于祖国历史文化精神传承的问题,故应当特别重视。二、西方大学的通识教育给我们的启示斯坦福大学明确以博雅教育作为大学教育目标,该校要求同学们不局限于一个专业,要有广博的知识与修养,要“均匀”,即接触不同学科,同时了解不同文化的经典、观念与价值。该校规定学生在下列九个领域中选修十一门课(每一门至少3学分):1、文化、观念及价值,2、世界文化,3、美国文化(以上为文化核心课程);4、数理科学,5、自然科学,6、科技及应用科学(以上为科学核心课程);7、文学及艺术,8、哲学、社会及宗教思想,9、社会及行为科学(以上为人文及社会科学核心课程)。以上每一领域中的课程,基本上都是经典导读,其课程名称为:荷马的《奥德赛》或《伊利亚德》,柏拉图的《理想国》,亚里斯多德著作选或其《伦理学》、《政治学》,《圣经》,奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》,中国思想家孔子著作选读或《论语》,中国道家哲学选读或老子的《道德经》,《孟子》选读,《庄子》选读,马丁•路德著作选,马基雅维利的《君王论》,密尔顿的《失落园》,蒙田散文选,但丁的《神曲》,摩尔的《乌托邦》,卢梭的《社会契约论》及《论人类不平等之起源》,莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》及《暴风雨》,牛顿著作选,达尔文著作选或《物种起源》,马克思恩格斯著作选或马克思的《共产党宣言》或恩格斯的《家庭、私有制与国家之起源》,韦伯的《新教伦理》,黑格尔的《精神现象学》,培根的《新工具》,笛卡儿的《方法论》及《沉思录》,洛克的《政府二论》,霍布斯的《利维坦》,尼采的《悲剧的诞生》,弗洛伊德的《梦的解析》,库恩的《科学革命的结构》,《可兰经》,《艺术史》及《世界文明》等。芝加哥大学的通识教育是非常有名的。该校大学生的毕业学分中有一半以上是涵盖六个领域(人文类、外国语文类、数理科学类、自然科学类、社会科学类、文明研究类)的通识课程,名为共同核心课程,学生必修21门课,份量很重。[1] 哈佛大学的传统也是通识教育,重视人文精神的培育。哈佛的理念是:最佳教育是开放式、创造性教育,不仅应有助于学生在专业领域内具有原创性的思想与能力,而且要创造条件让学生善于深思熟虑,有追求的理想目标和洞察力,成为具有自由人格的、完美的、成功的人。哈佛本科生在校四年中,除在一个主要领域中学习外,也进行跨学科专业的学习。该校不少教授强调人文学习的重要性,主张理解、吸收不同的价值观念。大学本科生必修8至10门课的“核心课程”。核心课程的主要领域有:外国文化、历史研究、文学与艺术、道德思考、科学与社会分析,并须修习英文写作、数理统计及外国语文。在“道德思考”领域,该校请不同的专门家讲授不同的宗教、文化传统的伦理道德课程,让同学们选修一种。其中有杜维明教授的“儒家伦理”课,每次都有三百多位学生选修。杜教授只上大课,并定期主持助教会。该校规定,每20名学生必须配一名助教,助教参加学生的讨论(每周一次),引导学生读书,批解他们的读书报告。有的哈佛教授认为,任何复杂的文明必须发展社会资本,这个社会资本是看不见的。不能以浅短的目光看待我们教育的效果,最佳的教育不能以美元来衡量。有的教授认为,不能只重视经济资本,还要发展文化人。这就要考虑文化传承、心灵积习。除了智力教育、科技方法之外,还要培育伦理素养、人生智慧、精神价值、文化能力、道德信念等等。要培育公众知识分子,关心社会,参与政治,批评当下,指引未来,为社会提供价值指导。我国各大学现在也在推行通识教育。有的大学一下开出二百多门课。通识教育不是课开得越多越好,在诸多通识课中,要形成核心课程,建议学习《四书》《五经》等一二种中国文化的基本经典和一种西方文化的经典并作为核心课程(绝不要用中西文化概论之类的课程来代替)。所有大学生都应修一门《大学国文》,可以用《四书》或《古文观止》作教材。傅斯年先生当台湾大学校长时,全校学生在大一时必上一个学期的《孟子》,一个学期的《史记》(选),增强历史感,培育健全人格与浩然正气,这个经验值得借鉴。否则,光靠选修几门比较泛一点的人文通识课或听几场人文演讲,仍不能弥补大学生的人文素养方面的缺憾。现在大学生的语文、国文的基础太差,文字写作能力太差,连写信(包括信封)的格式都成问题。我国大学人文教育中的问题是人文学科自身的课程体系的缺失。我们一定要改变概论(原理)加通史(专史)的模式,使之变成以研读中外古今之原著经典为主的方式。几十年来受苏联影响,大学文科本身的最大的弊病是,课程体系成为概论加通史(或断代史、专史)的模式。对此,大家已经习以为常了。学生们学一点概论、原理、通论、导论、通史、专史、断代史是有必要的,但如果所有课程统统如此,不直接读一些东西方文学、史学、哲学、道德、艺术、宗教等领域里的原创性经典,那就有很大的缺憾,不可能培养出具有原创力的人才。概论加通史的模式,是以否定东西方人文传统和不相信师生们能读懂、能分析与理解原著经典为前提的。概论、通论、原理、通史、专史等是一些专家们嚼过的馍,以此硬性地、填鸭式地喂养学生,养成学生学习的被动、怠惰,特别是思想的懒惰。长此以往,就丧失了思想的能力,只会人云亦云。我国大学人文学科的教育,往往变成背诵无聊教条的过程,学生所获益的甚少、甚浅,只是为了应付考试,无关身心修养。中小学教师是大学培养的,故大学的弊病影响到中小学。我国大陆各大学的中文系与台湾地区各大学的中文系(或国文系)的差距是,后者继承了民国时期我国大学的传统,以古文字、古文献为基础,以经、史、子、集为教学与研究的内容,而前者则反是,不重视古文字、古文献、古思想,只偏重于集部之一部分(甚至只是现当代小说),愈来愈狭隘,影响了几代师生的训练与师资的培养。不论是国学还是人文学还是自然科学的教育,课程设置是一回事,怎么讲课又是另一回事。课讲得好不好,不在外在形式,而在于教师有没有学问根底,以及如何调动学生的主动性的讲课方法。课程排定后,讲什么,怎么讲,考什么,怎么考,是教师的自由,千万不要用那些形式主义的条条框框加以限制。面对同一课程或文献资料,应允许由具有不同见解的老师来讲,也应允许学生来批评,提倡师生间的自由讨论,交流互动,启发学生有所见,有所得,即孟子所谓“心之官则思,思则得之”,“以意逆志”,“掘井及泉”,“深造而自得之”云云。三、我国传统心性情教育的优长之处我还是认为读书,特别是读一点古书,比看电视、比去娱乐场所、甚至比上网更有收益,更有意义,更有涵咏。我还是提倡修身养性。中国古代哲学家、文化人讲涵咏,讲六艺之学,讲礼、乐、射、御、书、数,讲诗词歌赋,棋琴棋书画,讲人的品味,人的意境。人不是行尸走肉。人活着,要活得有尊严,有格调,有价值,有意义。孟子说:“人之异于禽兽者几稀,小人去之,君子存之。”意思是说,人与他物、人与禽兽的差别其实很小很小,君子保留了这一界限,而小人却抹杀了这一区别。故为人师表者,特别是大中小学的校长、干部、教师,不要一天到晚忙于应酬、周旋,甚至沉溺在声色场所,要读书,要静坐,要修养自己。我们提倡博雅教育与君子人格。中国传统文人很看重个体人的生存品味与品质,很重视人文的熏陶和修养。孔子讲:“志于道,据于德,依于仁,游于艺。”(《论语·述而》)孔子又说:“兴于《诗》,立于礼,成于乐。”(《论语·泰伯》)优游、涵养、陶冶于礼乐教化之中,通过《诗》教、《书》教、礼教、乐教来培养社会精英,也提升民间的品位,是传统知识分子的重要任务。孔子有“知其不可而为之”的品格,有“文王既没,文不在兹乎”的担当意识,以“天命在我”“天生德于予”的自觉,一身系斯文传续的使命,同时,也有“吾与点也”之叹。其实子路、冉求、公西华三人从事军政外交的志向,孔子不是不认同,相反,他总是鼓励弟子有外王事功之实践与建树,但是在当时的语境中,孔子独独默许曾点的优游涵咏:“暮春者,春服既成,冠者五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂,风乎舞雩,咏而归。”(《论语·先进》)没有这种生活意境的人是读不懂“吾与点也”章的。曾点在这场对话中表现了胸次悠然,直与天地万物上下同流的意境,其志趣的特出、独到,使夫子叹息而深许之。可见个体人生存的意义世界,与个体人之身心的涵养有很大的关系。人有别于禽兽,自不待言。不惟如此,人不仅仅是语言、逻辑的动物,不仅仅是社会政治的动物,尤其是具有宗教性、道德性和美感的动物,这就需要涵养。要有所养,养气,养心,养性、养情,养才。靠什么养?在古代是靠人文的“六艺”之学之教,靠五经四书。我们传统的心性论是一富矿,可以开采发掘的资源甚多。即使是朱子的心性论,其实也不是那么面目可憎,相反非常有亲切意味。朱子诚然强调“天理”对于“人欲”的控制与调整,但主要是指的内在性的调控,不是外在强加。“情”需要节制,并非中国哲学家的专利,古今中外大的哲学家、伦理学家没有不讲导情、节情的,“情”之泛滥总不是一件好事。(例如在当代中国,声色犬马、人欲横流已达到了无以复加的地步,不少官员与士人已到了不知羞耻的地步。)现在我们讲可持续性发展,讲和谐社会,这都有古代文化资源的基础。人与生存环境的共生关系,历来为中国人所重视。《庄子·齐物论》讲:“天地与我并生,而万物与我为一。”这里表达的是“天、地、人、物、我”整体和谐的智慧:无论是类的人、群体的人还是个体的人,与无限的宇宙,与有形有限的世界,与天地万物,可以达到契合无间的理想状态。孟子说:“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物”(《孟子·尽心上》);张载说:“民吾同胞,物吾与也。”(《正蒙·乾称》)我们爱自己的亲人,进而推己及人,爱周围的人,爱人类,爱草木鸟兽瓦石,爱自然万物和人造的万物。这些爱当然是有差等的。但仁者把自己与天地万物看成是一种共生的关系。程颢主张天地万物与己一体,元无分别。《识仁篇》云:“仁者,浑然与物同体。”又说:“仁者,以天地万物为一体,莫非己也。”(《二程遗书》卷二上)这当然是一种超越的理境,儒家主张通过仁爱之心的推广,把人的精神提扬到超脱寻常的人与我、物与我之分别的“天人合一”之境。这同时也表达了一种共生共存的意识。在古代思想家看来,人与自然万物,与草木、鸟兽、瓦石、山水,与驯养、栽培之动植物和衣食住行之器物等是密不可分的整体。天地万物是不同差异的统一。在这个统一体中,万物各安其位,各遂其性,各得其所。孔子是中国文化的伟大代表,是万世师表,人家联合国都以孔诞为教师节,为什么中国反不以孔诞为教师节呢?难道就因为台湾地区以孔诞为教师节,我们就偏不吗?这很奇怪。中国大陆是中国文化的正宗、正统,唯其如此,更应以孔诞为教师节。这是教师的尊严与光荣之所在。国语、国文、国学的教育是国本,不可动摇。二十多年来,我一直在批评一种现象,即中国大陆地区的各层次教育中,忽视母语的教育,忽视本土历史文化ABC的教育,把英语、西方文化教育看得比母语、本土文化的教育更为重要,完全是数典忘祖!现在中国的大众文化已是美国文化的殖民地,所谓美国大片横行无忌。反过来看一看法国及欧洲一些国家,他们严格限制大众媒体把英语节目或所谓美国大片肆无忌惮地播放,他们是有限制的。法国知识界不断批评、指导法国的传媒与文化界,法国政府也十分自觉地捍卫法兰西语言的纯洁性与法兰西文化的尊严。相反,我们都失职了!我不是反对学习西方,相反,我是积极主张拥抱西方文明的,我当院长时在本院的哲学教学中,为以西文学习西方哲学经典创造了很好的条件。我们开办的国学试验班、中西比较哲学国际班,都是开放的,有的课程也用英文上。但我认为,这一定得有一个界限,即中国的教育(从幼儿园到博士生),宪法与法律允许的中国教育,一定以母语与本土文化为主导和主要内容。我们现在讲自主创新,讲建立自主创新型国家,首先振兴的应是中国自己的文化传统。中国人靠什么走向世界?中国人的精神文化中当然包含着几千年来与外来文化的融合,中国文化当然是变动着的文化。但中国之为中国,中国文化之为中国文化,一定有自己内在性的东西,有主导性与主体性的常道。这是不可动摇的。因此,我反对所谓“双语教学”的提法,甚至有的大学提倡“全英语教学”,那是应当禁止的,是违法的。在大学里,适度有点汉英双语教学是可以的,但大量使用英文原版教材,盲目提倡全英语教学,却值得警惕,如同美国所谓大片在我国电影市场横行无忌一样,长此下去,我国会丧失民族文化与教育的主体性,变成美国或西方的文化与教育的殖民地。

国学与文史论文可以写美食吗的英文

249 评论(12)

arlison

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat
341 评论(9)

Effel

用英语来描写你的家乡的美食(北京烤鸭)ForeverytouristwhoestoBeijin9,Beijingroastduckisundoubtedlyamust-not-RoastDuckisaworld-renownedBeijingspecialcuisine,developedbyChineseHanpeopleintheMingDynasty,BItalsomeetstheeatinghabitsofallethnicpeoplesinCDuringthetimeof2008BeijingOlympicGames,BeijingRoastDuckandChinesedumplingswereinductedintoChineseOlympicmenu,IntheOlympicVillage,about700BeijingRoastD追问什么意思,麻烦把中文也写出来!谢谢!!!!!!!!!!!!追答对于每个来北京旅游的游客来说,一定不可错过的美食无疑是北京烤鸭(Beijingroastduck)。烤鸭是具有世界声誉的北京著名菜式,由中国汉族人研制于明朝。在当时是宫廷食品。北京烤鸭既美昧又健康,也符合各民族人民的饮食习惯。2008年北京奥运会期间,北京烤鸭与中国水饺一起被纳入奥运菜单之中,受到了世界各国运动员的热烈追捧。在奥运村,平均每天要吃掉700只左右的北京烤鸭。介绍一种故乡的食物英语作文PInourcountry,forexample,ThenativesofHunanorSichuanenjoyhotfoodwhilethoseofShanghaiorSButevenifpeopleliveinthesamepartofthecountry,Oldpeopleandyoungoneshavedifferenttastes;Inarestaurant,somecustomersordersoupsthatisthickandheavy,ATTherefore,Toincreasetheirbusiness,Theyconstantlyaddnewnamesofdishestotheirmenustoeaterforcustomerswithdifferenttastes我国不同地区的人有不同的想法是好的吃什么。在我们国家,例如,人们从南方喜欢吃米饭而北方的居民喜欢面包还是面条。湖南和四川的当地人喜欢热的食物,而上海或苏州会选择甜的菜。但即使人们生活在同一个国家的一部分,他们的品味有很大区别。老人和年轻人有不同的口味;男人和女人也有不同的偏好。在餐厅里,一些客户订单汤,又厚又重,而其他人喝汤,是薄的和明确的。一些人只吃蔬菜。他们德noteat鱼或鸡肉。因此,它是不容易的餐厅,以满足所有客户的需求。提高他们的业务,餐馆在城市尽最大努力准备食物不同种类和不同的风格。他们不断添加新菜肴的名字菜单为客户提供不同口味吃有关中国美食的英语文章EightRegionalVariationsFormostforeigners,“Chinesefood”usuallyimpliesalotofdeep-fried,strong-However,forChinesepeople,“Chinesefood”isaconceptasuselessas“Germanbeer,”because,likeChinesecultureingeneral,CChinacoversalargeterritoryandhasmanynationalities;hencethereisawidevarietyofChinesefoods,BecauseChina'slocaldisheshavetheirowntypicalcharacteristics,Chinesefoodcanbedividedintoeightregionalcuisines,Certainly,therearemanyotherlocalcuisinesthatarefamous,suchasBeijingCuisineandShanghaiCShandongCuisineConsistingofJinancuisineandJiaodongcuisine,Shandongcuisine,clean,pureandnotgreasy,ischaracterizedbyitsemphasisonaroma,freshness,ShallotsandgarlicarefrequentlyusedasseasoningssoSSoupsaregivenmuchemphasisinSTJinanchefsareadeptatdeep-frying,grilling,pan-fryingandstir-fryingwhileJTypicalmenuitems:Bird'sNestSoup;YellowRiverCarpinSweetandSourSauceSichuanCuisineSichuanCuisine,knownmoremonlyintheWestas“Szechuan,”isoneofthemostfamousCCharacterizedbyitsspicyandpungentflavors,Sichuancuisine,withamyriadoftastes,Pepperandpricklyasharealwaysinacpaniment,Garlic,Wildvegetablesandmeatssuchasareoftenchosenasingredients,whilefrying,fryingwithoutoil,Itcanbesaidthatonewhodoesn'texperienceSichuanfoodhasneverreachedCTypicalmenuitems:HotPot;SmokedDuck;KungPaoChicken;Water-BoiledFish;TastyandSpicyCrab;TwiceCookedPork;MapoTofuGuangdong(Cantonese)CuisineTastingclean,light,crispandfresh,Guangdongcuisine,familiartoWesterners,Thebasiccookingtechniquesincluderoasting,stir-frying,sauteing,deep-frying,braising,Steamingandstir-fryingaremostfrequentlyusedtopreservetheingredients'GTypicalmenuitems:SharkFinSoup;SteamedSeaBass;RoastedPiglet;DimSum(avarietyofsidedishesanddesserts)FujianCuisineCombiningFuzhouCuisine,QuanzhouCuisineandXiamenCuisine,FujianCuisineisrenownedforitschoiceseafood,beautifulcolorandmagicaltastesofsweet,sour,Themostdistinctfeatureistheir""Typicalmenuitems:BuddhaJumpingOvertheWall;SnowChicken;PrawnwithDragon'sBodyandPhoenix'stailHuaiyangCuisineHuaiyangCuisine,alsocalledJiangsuCuisine,ispopularinthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRUsingfishandcrustaceansasthemainingredients,Itscarvingtechniquesaredelicate,Cookingtechniquesconsistofstewing,braising,roasting,TheflavorofHuaiyangCuisineislight,Typicalmenuitems:StewedCrabwithClearSoup,Long-boiledandDry-shreddedMeat,DuckTriplet,CrystalMeat,SquirrelwithMandarinFish,andLiangxiCrispEelZhejiangCuisineComprisinglocalcuisinesofHanzhou,Ningbo,andShaoxing,ZhejiangCItwinsitsreputationforfreshness,tenderness,softness,HangzhouCTypicalmenuitems:SourWestLakeFish,LongjingShelledShrimp,Beggar'sChickenHunanCuisineHunancuisineconsistsoflocalcuisinesofXiangjiangRegion,DongtingLakeandXIChili,Typicalmenuitems:DonganChicken;PepperyandHotChickenAnhuiCuisineAnhuiC美食节英语作文TodaywastheFirstFoodFMSomepeopleorderedBSomepeoplewouldlikeIndiancurries,Allthefoodsmeltniceandtastednice,MIIW·Talkaboutthecolor,size,styleandmaterialofyourclothes,Myfavoritecoat/MygrandmaboughtitformeinBThesizeofmycoatisMandit'IWhat'smore,It'It'salsoalittlelikeaChineseTI介绍家乡美食作文我的家乡在湖北省监利县容城镇,是一个离长江较近的地方。这里有许多水产品和农作物,所以,我的家乡常被称为“鱼米之乡”。在我的家乡有许多美食,我最爱吃的是江虾、菱角、锅块。我们这里的江虾可不像海虾一样大,它只有一到两厘米长,头上长着两根很长的胡子,这些虾子还没炒时是白色的,有些地方还是透明的,像水晶做的一样。但是你把它下锅一炒,它们立刻卷了起来,还慢慢地变成了粉红色,隔着老远就可闻到它的香味,馋得你口水直流三千尺。在水产品中,不但有动物,还有植物,那是菱角。菱角外面有一层黑不啦叽的壳,样子就像老牛头上的一对角,角尖上长着刺,如果你拿的时候不小心,还会被刺伤。虽然它外面长得不好看,但只要你把它剖开,里面就会落出白生生的肉来。它可以蒸着吃,也可以当菜炒着吃。蒸的时候,最好用沙木蒸笼,蒸一个多小时后,开盖就是香味。我们那里,一到夏天,大街上都是卖菱角的,“卖菱角啦,沙木蒸笼蒸的菱角”的叫卖声,离很远都听得见。有时候家里图方便,会直接去了壳,放上辣椒用猛火炒,绿色的辣椒衬托着雪白的菱角肉,又好看又好吃。我的家乡还有一种美食,那就是锅块。锅块只有冬天才有得吃。冬天里,在街头巷尾,你总能找到锅块摊。只要有人来,老板就会拿出一小块面团,里包了肉或菜,再摊成饼状,在饼上拍上芝麻,然后把它贴在用油桶改成的火炉的内壁上,火烧得很旺,不一会儿,锅块就膨胀起来,表面变成了金黄色,冒出一阵阵浓浓的香气,烤好了,你还可以在外面刷上辣酱或是甜酱,在大冬天里能吃上锅块,可是一种享受。对我们家乡的美食,你感兴趣吗?如果你的家乡没有这些食物,那就到我家乡来做客吧!我请你吃遍我们家乡的美食。中国食物英文作文chinesefoodTherearemanydifferentkindsoffoodinCIt'Alotofforeignerslikeitverymuch,It'They'reCantonesefood,Sichuanfood,Shanghaifood,HGenerallyspeaking,Cantonesefoodisabitlight,Sichuanfoodisveryhot,Shanghaifoodisratheroily,andHunandishesareveryspicy,MapoBeancurd,steamedfishsweetandsourporkribs,springrollandmanyCDIntheSouthofChinawehavericeeveryday,sometimeswehaveitoorthreetimesaday,forbreakfast,Weusuallyeatitwithfish,meatandvegetables,butIntheNorthofChina,Inmyfamily,myfatherlikesdumplingsverymuch,butmymotherdoesn'IIlikeChinesefoodalot高分寻一篇150字左右关于中国美食的英语作文DUMPLING饺子Jiaozi(chineseDumpling)isatraditionalchinesefood,CCSincetheshapeofchinesedumplingissimilartoancientchinesegoldorsilieringots,Traditional,themembersofafamilygettogetertomakedumplingsduringtheNewYear'sETThepersonwhofindsthecoinwilllikelyhaveagoodfortuneintheNewYChinesedumplingisalsopopularinotherchineseholidaysorfestivals,CYMUSomepeoplestartetomakeduplingwhentheywerekidsinthefamily,MT介绍家乡阳江美食英语作文Yangjiang(Chinese:阳江)isaprefecture-levelcityinsouthwesternGuangdongprovince,People'sRepublicofCItbordersMaomingtothewest,Yunfutothenorth,Jiangmentotheeast,andlooksouttotheSouthChinaSItisfamousforbeingthebaseofYangjiangShibazi,Theprefecture-levelcityofYangjiangadministers4county-leveldivisions,including1districts,1county-求一篇介绍自己家人喜欢吃什么食物的英语作文,四十词以上EAMygrandparentslovetoeat(你祖父母喜欢吃啥???)Itisakindoffoodfrom(食物是哪里的??),CItisatraditionalfoodinCMButIdon'Itissodisgustingformebutitisthemostdeliciousthingsintheworldformydad!MymumandIlikethesamefood,,itisbeautifulandittastesreallygood!Chinaisreallybigandhaslotsandlotsofdeliciousfoodandeverykindsoffoodaredifferntefromoneanother健康食物英语作文HealthyEatingMynameisPIIwanttobeateacheroradoctorwhenITobeadoctor,IIBefore,IBecauseIITTSoINow,Ieatabowlofriceforbreakfast,andIForlunch,Iusuallyeatabowlofsoup,IIfIwanttobehealthier,ISoINow,IISoIthinkINow,IIhopeeverybodyishealthyandhappyHongKongisknownasthe"World'sFoodFair",Fromroadsidestallstoworld-classrestaurants,HongKManyoftherestaurantsinHongKonghavebeeninfluencedbybothEasternandWInjustthisonecity,Withsuchawidevarietyoffood,HongK转载请注明出处作文大全网?用英语来描写你的家乡的美食(北京烤鸭)
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zhengdan

DUMPLING 饺子 Jiaozi(chinese Dumpling) is a traditional chinese food ,which is essention during holidays in nor thern Chinese dumpling becomes one of the most widely love food in Chinese dumpling is one of the most important foods in chinese new Since the shape of chinese dumpling is similar to ancient chinese gold or silier ingots ,they symbolize wealth Traditional,th e members of a family get togeter to make dumplings during the New Year's EThey may hide a coin in one of the The person who finds the coin will likely have a good fortune in the New YChinese dumpling is also popular in other chinese holidays or festivals,so it is part of the chinese culture or Chinese dumpling is a delicious You can make avariety of chinese dumplings using different filling based on your taste and how various ingredients mixed together by you Making dumpling is really teamwork Usually all family members will join the work Some people starte to make dupling when they were kids in the family ,so most chinese know how to make dumpling Many foreigners are found of dumpling and interested in making They are very glad to join the work
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