Steel frame From Wikipedia， the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation， search Steel framed housing development， PSteel frame usually refers to a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams， constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors， roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the The development of this technique made the construction of the skyscraper Contents [hide] 1 Concept 2 Light steel framing 3 See also 4 External links 5 References [edit] Concept The rolled steel "profile" or cross section of steel columns takes the shape of the letter "H" The two wide flanges of a column are thicker and wider than a the flanges on a beam， to better withstand compressive stress in the Square and round tubular sections of steel can also be used， often filled with Steel beams are connected to the columns with bolts and threaded fasteners， and historically connected by The central "web" of the steel "I "-beam is often wider than a column web to resist the higher bending moments that occur in Wide sheets of steel deck can be used to cover the top of the steel frame as a "form" or corrugated mold， below a thick layer of concrete and steel reinforcing Another popular alternative is a floor of precast concrete flooring units with some form of concrete Often in office buildings the final floor surface is provided by some form of raised flooring system with the void between the walking surface and the structural floor being used for cables and air handling The frame needs to be protected from fire because steel softens at high temperature and this can cause the building to partially In the case of the columns this is usually done by encasing it in some form of fire resistant structure such as masonry， concrete or The beams may be cased in concrete， plasterboard or sprayed with a coating to insulate it from the heat of the fire or it can be protected by a fire resistant ceiling The exterior "skin" of the building is anchored to the frame using a variety of construction techniques and following a huge variety of architectural Bricks， stone， reinforced concrete， architectural glass， sheet metal and simply paint have been used to cover the frame to protect the steel from the [edit] Light steel framing See also: Framing (construction) Interior wall studs made with light-gauge steelThin sheets of galvanized steel can be formed into steel studs used as a building material for rough-framing in commercial or residential construction (pictured)， and many other The dimension of the room is established with horizontal track that is anchored to the floor and ceiling to outline each The vertical studs are arranged in the tracks， usually spaced 16" apart， and fastened at the top and This creates a framework to support drywall or other finish Rectangular steel frame， or "perimeter frame" of the Willis building (at right) contrasted against the diagrid frame at 30 St Mary AThe primary shapes used in residential construction are the C-shape stud and the U-shaped track， and a variety of other Framing members are generally produced in a thickness of 12 to 25 The wall finish is anchored to the two flange sides of the stud， which varies from 1-1/4" to 3" thick， and the width of web ranges from 1-5/8" to 14" Rectangular sections are removed from the web to provide access for electrical Steel mills produce galvanized sheet steel， the base material for light-gauge Sheet steel is then roll-formed into the final profiles used for The sheets are zinc coated (galvanized) to prevent oxidation and Steel framing provides excellent design flexibility due to the inherent strength of steel， which allows it to span over a longer distance than wood， and also resist wind and earthquake Light Steel Framing has been extensively used in cold climate countries due to its good thermal and structural Heat loss reduction and tenement thermal comfort have been the main driving forces defining the design of these The main issue to be addressed is how striving for thermal efficiency can lead to structural weakening and poor fire [1] [edit] See also Curtain wall Prefabricated buildings Steel building Structural steel BRBF [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Steel framing Historical Development of Iron and Steel in Buildings Steel Framing Alliance web site Categories: Construction
In the past decade， the concept of a second-order or an advanced analysis has been described in various national design codes of practice such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifi- cation for Structural Steel Buildings ( 1986 ) and the Australia standards ( AS4100 1990 ) Unlike the 1inear analysis where checking of member strength against instability and second-order effect is carried out by the element design formulas in the codes， the second-order analysis automatically includes the effects of these nonlinear As aresult of this， stress， allowing for the second- order P-δand P-△ effects，can be automatically computed and compared with the factored yield stress， or the design strength， in the analysis so that the empirical approach to amplify the moment due to a large change of geometry becomes unnecessary， resulting in much convenience and In addition， the second-order and advanced analysis--including various linear and nonlinear terms for a more accurate computation of member forces and moments-provides a much more effective and accurate means of assessing the strength， stability， and serviceability of a structure and is expected to be widely accepted by the engineer， provided that an effective and robust analysis method is available This "integrated design and analysis approach "is aimed at using a sophisticated second-order analysis to design practical steel frames fulfilling the design code A literature survey shows that typical second-order analysis methods ignore many important characteristics and requirements for practical design， including the member initial imperfection and its direction， consistency between the linear and the nonlinear models due to the need to use several elements per member for a second-order analysis， and loads along The proposed method includes these terms so that it can be used to directly design real and practical steel frames fulfilling the advanced analysis 中文翻译过去十年中，二阶或高等分析的概念在各种国内设计规范中被描述，例如结构钢建筑负载和抗性因子设计规格( 1986 ) 和澳大利亚标准 ( AS4100 1990 ) 。不同于线性分析用规范中的元设计方程来执行构件强度反不稳定性和二阶效应的检查，二阶分析自动地包括这些非线性条件的效果。结果是应力允许二阶P-δ和P-△效应，可被自动地计算并与屈服应力或设计强度相比较，以便在分析中不再需要因几何形状的巨变而扩大力矩的经验方法，结果更方便、精确。此外，二阶与高等分析--包括更精确的构件力-力矩计算的各种线性和非线性条件，并提供更有效和更精确的结构强度、稳定性和适用性估计方法，可望被工程师广泛接受，提供一个有效的分析法是可行的。"综合设计和分析进展"针对使用复杂的二阶分析去实施规范需要的应用钢框架设计。一篇文献调查认为典型的二阶分析法忽视了许多重要的特性和实践设计需要，包括构件初始不完整性和它的方向，线性和非线性模型之间的一致性因为需要对每构件几个元件作二阶分析，和沿构件的负载。建议的方法包括这些条款以便它能直接用于实现高等分析要求的设计和应用钢框架。
In the past decade， the concept of a second-order or an advanced analysis has been described in various national design codes of practice such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifi- cation for Structural Steel Buildings ( 1986 ) and the Australia standards ( AS4100 1990 ) Unlike the 1inear analysis where checking of member strength against instability and second-order effect is carried out by the element design formulas in the codes， the second-order analysis automatically includes the effects of these nonlinear As aresult of this， stress， allowing for the second- order P-δand P-△ effects，can be automatically computed and compared with the factored yield stress， or the design strength， in the analysis so that the empirical approach to amplify the moment due to a large change of geometry becomes unnecessary， resulting in much convenience and In addition， the second-order and advanced analysis--including various linear and nonlinear terms for a more accurate computation of member forces and moments-provides a much more effective and accurate means of assessing the strength， stability， and serviceability of a structure and is expected to be widely accepted by the engineer， provided that an effective and robust analysis method is available This "integrated design and analysis approach "is aimed at using a sophisticated second-order analysis to design practical steel frames fulfilling the design code A literature survey shows that typical second-order analysis methods ignore many important characteristics and requirements for practical design， including the member initial imperfection and its direction， consistency between the linear and the nonlinear models due to the need to use several elements per member for a second-order analysis， and loads along The proposed method includes these terms so that it can be used to directly design real and practical steel frames fulfilling the advanced analysis 中文：过去十年中，二阶或高等分析的概念在各种国内设计规范中被描述，例如结构钢建筑负载和抗性因子设计规格( 1986 ) 和澳大利亚标准 ( AS4100 1990 ) 。不同于线性分析用规范中的元设计方程来执行构件强度反不稳定性和二阶效应的检查，二阶分析自动地包括这些非线性条件的效果。结果是应力允许二阶P-δ和P-△效应，可被自动地计算并与屈服应力或设计强度相比较，以便在分析中不再需要因几何形状的巨变而扩大力矩的经验方法，结果更方便、精确。此外，二阶与高等分析--包括更精确的构件力-力矩计算的各种线性和非线性条件，并提供更有效和更精确的结构强度、稳定性和适用性估计方法，可望被工程师广泛接受，提供一个有效的分析法是可行的。"综合设计和分析进展"针对使用复杂的二阶分析去实施规范需要的应用钢框架设计。一篇文献调查认为典型的二阶分析法忽视了许多重要的特性和实践设计需要，包括构件初始不完整性和它的方向，线性和非线性模型之间的一致性因为需要对每构件几个元件作二阶分析，和沿构件的负载。建议的方法包括这些条款以便它能直接用于实现高等分析要求的设计和应用钢框架。
