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国际营销策略论文怎么写

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kamidone

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市场营销学论文:逆向营销中的消费者行为分析新世纪的重大变化充分体现为全社会在互联网平台上的运作和发展,这对传统营销产生了剧烈的冲击,并在一些发达国家的先驱公司中引发出逆向营销的概念和实例。逆向营销的表现特征是:顾客主导一切。其起因和关键在于消费者行为的日趋成熟。本文拟就逆向营销过程中消费者行为主动性的体现和重要性略陈管见。   一、消费者行为的发展趋势   消费者行为的发展和变化是促进营销发展变化的重要因素之一。事实上,社会和时代最重要的变化不仅在于科技,还在于消费者因科技而拥有更高的能力和知识。他们的行为正向着以下几个方面发展:   首先,注重价值导向。由于消费水平的提高,消费者不仅考虑产品或服务的功能,还追求其附加价值。同时,他们强调物有所值,不盲目地追求品牌和档次。其特征集中表现为“交叉购买”。其次,信息索取趋于多、捷、便。互联网的运用和发展,正逐步减少和消除因信息不对称和高昂的信息成本给消费者带来的困扰和不便。①消费者几乎足不出户便可以最快、最便、最便宜的方式,获得所需的大量资料。第三,追求个性化、独特化。个性化已逐渐成为现代人性格的一大特征。“人们通过自己所拥有的去寻求、表达、确认并且肯定一种存在的感觉。”②目前,许多消费者已进入明显的个性消费阶段,过去那种“忠诚度同质化”的状况正逐步淡化。第四,积极主动,并更加内行和自信。由于消费者能接触到更多的信息和有更多的选择机会,他们不再被动地接受他人的观点和信息,不再消极地购买和消费,而要求参与、掌握主动权,需要终极关注以及被倾听。第五,主张创新而不是单纯选择。不断发展的IT 技术及数字媒体给消费者建造了全新的创新舞台。他们不会仅满足于对现有产品或服务做出选择,创新才是追求的永恒目标。最后,关注和重视社会利益。社会文明程度的不断提高,使消费者在满足个体消费需求的同时,更注重保护生态环境,防止污染,节省及再利用资源。   二、逆向营销中消费者决策的主动性   传统的消费者行为学中消费者决策的含义为“消费者谨慎地评价某一产品、品牌或服务的属性,并进行理性的选择,即用最少的成本购买能满足某一特定需求的产品的过程。”③ 这表明,无论消费者决策属于哪种类型,无论消费者处于决策过程中的哪一环节,其行为过程都是从市场上现有产品或服务中,依自己的需求做出选择的过程。而最终消费问题的解决,亦依赖于现有产品或服务。然而,逆向营销从根本上改变了这种模式,它始于消费者的需求,由他们自己提出设想或构思,或参与产品的设计。并以现代技术水平为背景,评估与试用厂家提供的样品、参考结果来决定是否购买。对购买的满意度和对决策合理化的肯定则取决于购买后的消费状况,以及厂家的跟踪服务和对产品或服务的追加改进。依据这种思路,消费者的决策完全处于主动状态,不受购物环境的影响,超越现有产品或服务的限制,排除过多的信息和宣传的干扰,从而使消费问题在更高的层面上得以解决。   在逆向营销状态下的消费决策过程中,为使决策更为合理化,消费者需要进行逆向市场研究。这种研究主要表现为消费者借助于互联网对当前社会科技水平的了解,对市场上现有的产品或服务的搜寻、对比和评判研究。在此基础上,扩展、充实和改进自己的需求思路和设想,再将其直接借网络传播,以寻求更理想的供货商。由于逆向市场研究要求消费者高水平运作,他们的主动态度和能力将是关键所在。因此,消费者虽然是逆向市场研究的主导者,但若他们在某些方面能力不足,为发掘他们的潜力,帮助他们实现需求,生产企业或商家应不遗余力地起到配合、辅助以及促进的作用。  三、逆向营销引发的思考   消费者自始至终都是逆向营销活动的主导者。他们的行为将对整个营销活动起着决定性的作用。我们可将逆向营销的运作水平视为消费者行为主动性的函数,消费者行为的主动性是自变量之一。其数学模型可表达为

国际营销策略论文怎么写

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ningjing6199

营销策略提纲主要分为几个方面:1、市场现状;描述市场的历史及发展轨迹及未来的方向;2、市场分析;针对目前的市场情况,分析出有哪些有效可行的操作方法;3、产品定位;根据市场需求,设计组合适应市场的产品及价位;4、策略实施;根据以上情况重新组织或调整公司生产、广告、促销等的方式,并制定确实可行的实施办法;5、总结;6、参考文献;
303 评论(13)

malanxin126

21世纪的营销主流--绿色营销内容概要:绿色营销,是指企业以环境保护观念作为其经营哲学思想,以绿色文化为其价值观念,以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点,力求满足消费者绿色消费需求的营销策略。通过绿色营销活动,协调了企业利益保护环境社会发展的关系,使经济的发展既能满足当代人的需求,又不至于对后代生存和发展构成危害和威胁,即实现社会经济的可持续发展。绿色营销的主体归根到底是企业,绿色营销是企业的营销活动,绿色营销的策略主要是企业的一系列营销策略和方法构成的。21世纪将是绿色文明的世纪和绿色经济的时代,:绿色营销必将成为21世纪的经营理念。 相关概念:绿色消费 绿色营销 绿色文化 绿色计划 绿色产品 绿色价格 绿色促销 绿色渠道 绿色管理 一、提出绿色营销的背景: 不断恶性化的今天,人们对环境和资源的忧虑逐渐转化为消费过程中的一种自律行为,更加倾向于适度、无污染、保护环境的消费,绿色需求在世界范围内已经或正被逐渐唤起。这一点在经济发达国家表现得尤为突出,并且已形成了绿色需求——绿色设计——绿色生产——绿色产品——绿色价格——绿色市场开发——绿色消费这种以“绿色”为主线的消费链条。因此,从根本上讲,是绿色需求决定了绿色营销的产生、规模、运作模式和发展趋势。同时,由于经济发展程度不同而导致的绿色需求和绿色技术水平的差异,正越来越多地被发达国家利用来作为遏制他国对外贸易的壁垒,从而形成了一种新型的非关税壁垒——绿色贸易壁垒(Green Trade Barrier)。乌拉圭回合的《技术贸易壁垒协议》中规定:“不得阻止任何国家采取措施来保护人类、动物或植物的生命健康、保护环境。”这样,环境保护就成为不承诺相关的国际贸易规范的一种借口,而实际上确有一些发达国家借保护环境为名,行限制国外产品进口之实。西方国家设置绿色壁垒的主要目标,很大程度上是针对发展中国家出口创汇所主要依赖的劳动密集型、资源密集型产品而设置的,其结果将会使发展中国家的一部分产品逐渐退出国际市场。所以它将严重制约发展中国家对外贸易的发展,进一步恶化其在国际贸易中的困难处境及国际收支状况。一、提出绿色营销的背景二、绿色营销的含义三、绿色营销与传统营销相比, 具有以下特征四、绿色营销的功能五、绿色营销组合实施要点分析六、绿色营销——21世纪的营销参考资料:_paper_php?id=80147还有很多市场营销的你自己去看看吧
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ster132003

Definitions of marketingMarketing is the management of exchange This emphasizes the role of marketing in relating to the world outside the All relationships between the organization and the out side world, especially when they relate to customers, need to be The organization will be judged by customers, suppliers, competitors and other according to their personal Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirement efficiently and Marketing is concerned with meeting business objectives by providing customer When people buy products or services they do not simply want the products, they also want the benefits from using the products or Products and services help to solve a customer’s It is the solution to these problems that customers are Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution or ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organization Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from organizations' to their Marketing is the process of determining customer demand for a product, motivating its sale and distributing it into ultimate consumption at a Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements efficiently and Characteristics of marketing-oriented companyMarket orientation (market-oriented)Refers to the enterprise in accordance with its own power to match the target market and target user groups requested to design, produce, and deliver products and Advantages Disadvantages  Product tailored to the needs of the customer Research and development enables the market-led company to keep ahead of the competition Opportunities arise out of a continuous research thrust Knowing you customer enables you to communicate more efficiently, with cost-effective marketing communications Produce what you can sell rather than sell what you produce Leads to long-term relationships with high customer satisfaction  Extensive market research needed into customer needs/wants Expensive and time consuming – time delay for product to market ‘Me-too’ products that can undercut because there are no costs of research and development Irrational customer behavior – no amount of research will alter the fickle nature of the average customer Dynamic nature of market place – today’s products become tomorrow’s throwaways Too narrow a focusDue to economic development, people's incomes increase, accelerating the pace of life, increasing social interaction, has quietly changed the concept of life, the rapid development of tertiary industry, the food service industry has been seen a lot of favorable market The increased population eating out of China's population and family structure has undergone great changes with more and more single This family structure and lifestyles change may lead to changes in consumer behaviors, more and more people are reluctant to spend too much time on cooking, thus increasing the population eating The rise a healthy trend of People's living standards improve the living began to focus on the health effects of diet, emphasizing nutrition and food hygiene, respect for People who pursue their own health to the restaurant industry will be tremendous opportunities for a broad The development of At present tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in China, rising per capita tourist spending, tourism region For tourists, the food culture is also one of the attractive Meiwei restaurant should to meet market and consumer changes, provide customers with convenient, healthy Chinese fast Elements of marketing conceptThe marketing concept is the attitude that business decisions should be based on what the customer Marketing concept is the enterprise business decision-making, organization and management of marketing activities, the basic guiding ideology that is business It is a concept, an attitude, or a corporate way of Marketing concept is a "consumer demand as the center, market as the starting point" business Marketing conceptThe key to achieving business goals to determine the correct target market needs, all to the consumer as the center, and than the competition more effective and better transmission of the target market to meet the expectations of Consumer research has been called the study of the relationship between the personality of the consumer and the personality of the It looks at the consumer’s motives, which may be unconscious but which still affect his or her choice of Techniques such as in-depth interviews and word association tests can be used to find out how consumers are really
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