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chidge001

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西方国家,是相对于东亚而言的欧洲白人世界文化圈,西餐的准确称呼应为欧洲美食,或欧式餐饮。其菜式料理与中国菜不同,一般使用橄榄油、黄油、番茄酱、沙拉酱等调味料。不同的主食相同的都是搭配上一些蔬菜,如番茄、西兰花等。西餐这个词是由于其特定的地理位置所决定的。“西”是西方的意思。一般指欧洲各国。“餐”就是饮食菜肴。东方人通常所说的西餐主要包括西欧国家的饮食菜肴,当然同时还包括东欧各国,地中海沿岸等国和一些拉丁美洲如墨西哥等国的菜肴。而东南亚各国的菜肴一般统称为东南亚菜,但也有独为一种菜系的,如印度菜。西餐一般以刀叉为餐具以面包为主食,多以长形桌台为台形。西餐的主要特点是主料突出,形色美观,口味鲜美,营养丰富,供应方便等。正规西菜而言应包括了餐汤、前菜、主菜、餐后甜品及饮品。西餐大致可分为法式、英式、意式、俄式、美式,地中海等多种不同风格的菜肴。

意大利美食论文

116 评论(14)

代奕

第一节 西餐的由来 一、何谓西餐 西餐这个词是由它特定的地理位置特点所决定的。我们通常所说的西餐不仅包括西欧国家的饮食菜肴,同时还包括东欧、美洲、大洋洲、中亚、南亚次大陆以及非洲等地的饮食。 西餐一般以刀叉为餐具,以面包为主食,多以长形桌台为台形。西餐在我国从最早的“住宅菜”、“洋人饭店中的西餐厅”、中国商人经营的“番菜馆(20世纪初期)”,已发展到今天社会上众多的“西餐厅”、各大涉外宾馆、饭店的“西餐厅”。 1.西餐的主要特点 (1)口味香醇、浓郁。西餐的独特用料使其与我国其他菜类相比,有明显的香味浓烈的特色。西餐多用奶制品,如鲜奶油、黄油、干酪等。西餐的调料、香料品种繁多,烹制一份产品往往要使用多种香料,如桂皮、丁香、肉桂、胡椒、芥末、大蒜、生姜、香草、薄荷、荷兰芹、蛇麻草、驴蹄草、洋葱等。 西餐常用葡萄酒作为调料,烹调时讲究以菜配酒,做什么菜用什么酒。其中法国产的白萄萄酒和红葡萄酒用得最为普遍。 (2)别具一格的烹调方法。西餐常用的烹调方法有煎、焗、炸、炒、烤、烩、烘、蒸、熏、炖、煮、扒、铁扒、铁板煎等,其中铁扒、烤、焗在烹调中更具特色。许多高档产品多用铁扒、烤、铁板煎的方式烹制,如烤火鸡、铁扒牛排等。 (3)调味沙司与主料分开烹制。西餐产品在形态上以大块为主,如大块的牛排、羊排、鸡、烤肉等,很少把主料切成丝、片、丁等细小形状。大块原料在烹制时不易入味,所以大都要在产品成熟后伴以或浇上沙司。沙司在西餐中占有很重要的地位,厨房中设有专门的厨师制作,不同的菜烹制不同的沙司,在使用时严格区分,如薄荷汁配羊扒,法汁、意大利汁、油醋汁配沙拉等。 (4)注重肉类产品的老嫩程度。西餐对肉类产品,特别是牛肉、羊肉的老嫩程度很讲究。服务员在接受点餐时,必须问清顾客的需求,厨师按顾客的口味进行烹制。一般有5种不同的成熟度,即全熟(Well done)、七成熟(medium well)、五成熟(medium)、三成熟(medium rare)、一成熟(rare)。
265 评论(11)

乌鸦张

2001年底,我国餐饮网点已达350万家,从业人员超过1500万。2001年全社会餐饮营业额达9亿元,比2000年增长4%,增加额超过600亿元,增幅比社会商品零售总额增长高出3个百分点,对扩大内需和促进国民经济的发展起到了一定贡献。预计2002年全社会餐饮营业额增幅在16%左右,有望达到5000亿大关。至于~~~餐嘛!~法国人在饮食嗜好上有如下特点: 1、注重烹调火候,讲究菜肴的鲜嫩,强调菜肴的质量。 2、口味:一般喜肥、浓、鲜、嫩,偏爱酸、甜、咸味。 3、食品:主食为米饭或面粉,爱吃点心;副食爱吃肥嫩猪肉、羊肉、牛肉,喜食鱼、虾、鸡、鸡蛋及各种肠子和新鲜蔬菜,偶尔也愿品尝些新奇的食物,如蜗牛、蚯蚓、马兰等;喜用丁香、胡椒、香菜、大蒜、番茄汁等作调料。 4、制法:对煎、炸、烧、烤、炒等烹调方法制作的菜肴偏爱。 5、菜谱:很欣赏红烧鳜鱼、宫保肉丁、脆皮炸鸡、炒虾球、银芽鸡丝、菠萝火鸡、拔丝苹果等风味菜肴。 6、水酒:对酒嗜好,尤其爱饮葡萄酒、玫瑰酒、香槟酒等,一般不能喝或不会喝酒的人也常喝些啤酒;通常他们惯用的饮料还有矿泉水、苏打水、橘子汁以及红茶或咖啡等。 7、果品:法国人爱吃水果,尤其对菠萝格外偏爱,苹果、葡萄、猕猴桃等也是他们爱吃的品种:干果喜欢葡萄干、糖炒栗子等。 “法国人饭前用一个小时来品尝开胃酒,就着一些橄榄和小饼干,当他们真正坐下来吃的时候,就没有那种强烈的饥饿感了。” 而且在吃每一口食物的间隙,都要停顿无数次,进餐时那种轻松愉悦的气氛,以及对食品的品味和赞美,帮助他们轻松地保持身材, 法国女孩子的食物都是小份的。典型的法国烘制的牛角面包重量都是30克多一点,而美国产的这种面包几乎有60克的分量,换句话说,法国女孩子的胃已经习惯了摄入少量的食物。 法国女性非常热忱地对待正餐,一般在下午两点之前摄入的热量占一天总量的的60%,随后是一顿简单的晚餐。而在中国,人们经常一整天都在饿着自己,在晚饭的时候,却是吃得又好又饱。因为法国人午餐吃得很满足,因此不需要随时吃零食,这也帮助他们控制了体重。 法国人对吃的讲究程度不亚于中国人。他们常常津津乐道于在哪个餐馆吃得如何好,又在哪条街上新开一家什么餐厅,一定要去吃一次云云。在接受吃的文化方面他们又是很开通的,只要是美味,无论是意大利的、西班牙的,还是北非或中国的,一概照单全收。但一说起法餐,那绝对是“非我莫属”。只有同中国人在一起时,他们才会稍稍显出谦逊的态度,说是“我们法餐中餐是世界上最著名的两大饮食”。你看,居然想同中餐平起平坐。
284 评论(9)

shatangqi5

意大利的菜肴源自古罗马帝国宫廷,有着浓郁的文艺复兴时代佛罗伦萨的膳食情韵,素称“欧洲大陆烹调之母”,在世界上享有很高的声誉。意大利菜多以海鲜作主料,辅以牛、羊、猪、鱼、鸡、鸭、番茄、黄瓜、萝卜、青椒、大头菜、香葱烹成。制法常用煎、炒、炸、煮、红烩或红焖,喜加蒜茸和干辣椒,略带小辣,火候一般是六七成熟,重视牙齿的感受,以略硬而有弹性为美,形成醇浓、香鲜、断生、原汁、微辣、硬韧的12字特色。这都表现在佛罗伦萨牛排、罗马魔鬼鸡、那不勒斯烤龙虾、巴里甲鱼、奥斯勃克牛肘肉、扎马格龙沙拉,米列斯特通心粉、鸡蛋肉末沙司、板肉白豆沙拉子、青椒焖鸡、烩大虾、烤鱼、冷鸡、白豆汤、火腿切面条等名食之中,四方游客络绎不绝。与大菜相比,意大利的面条、薄饼、米饭、肉肠和饮料更上一层楼。意大利面条也叫意大利粉,名声很响。它分为线状、颗粒状、中空状和空心花式状四个大类,用面粉加鸡蛋、番茄、菠菜或其它辅料经机器加工制成。其中最著名的是通心粉、蚬壳粉、蝴蝶结粉、鱼茸螺丝粉、青豆汤粉和番茄酱粉,有白、红、黄、绿诸种颜色。这些粉大都煮熟后有咬劲,佐以火腿、腊肉、哈蜊、肉末、鱼丝、奶酪、蘑菇、鲜笋、辣椒、洋葱、虾仁、青豆和各色作料,馨香可口。意大利年产各种面条多达200万吨,每年人均食用 30公斤。 意大利薄饼又名“比萨”,系将油蘸面胚置于批萨铁盘中添加多种馅料(如猪肉、牛肉、火腿、黄瓜、茄子、洋葱)烘烙面成,内有干酷番茄酱提味,上面还要点缀橄榄丝和鸡蛋丁。意大利有2400余家专门出售这种薄饼的快餐店,获利甚丰。意大利米饭也叫“利梭多”。这是将洋葱丁、牛油与大米同炒,边炒边下葡萄酒使之吸干入味;或者是用豌豆、青菜、肉汤和大米同焖,口感香柔。沙利托与中国新疆维吾尔族的抓饭异曲同工,都是世界上著名的食物。意大利肉肠雅称“萨拉美”,形似粗长滚圆的擀面杖。外面有一层粉状的白霉,切开后嫣红欲滴,香气四溢。它与德国的灌肠有一定的渊源关系。意大利的饮料包括软饮料、低度酒、兴奋饮料、营养饮料几大类型,制作都很考究。像有“最佳使节”之称的香槟酒,价廉物美的“维诺”葡萄酒,都系酒中名品。意大利是个嗜酒的民族。无论男女都爱饮酒,甚至喝咖啡时也要掺酒以增加其香味。因为饮酒,一餐饭的时间往往托得很长,所以意大利人有一句口头禅:“不愿花时间就别喝酒”。 菜肴注重原汁原味,讲究火候的运用意大利菜肴最为注重原料的本质、本色,成品力求保持原汁原味。在烹煮过程中非常喜欢用蒜、葱、西红柿酱、干酪,讲究制作沙司。烹调方法以炒、煎、烤、红烩、红焖等居多。通常将主要材料或裹或腌,或煎或烤,再与配料一起烹煮,从而使菜肴的口味异常出色,缔造出层次分明的多重口感。意大利菜肴对火候极为讲究,很多菜肴要求烹制成六、七成熟,而有的则要求鲜嫩带血,例如:罗马式炸鸡、安格斯嫩牛扒。米饭、面条和通心粉则要求有一定硬度。 巧妙利用食材的自然风味,烹制美馔烹制意大利菜,总是少不了橄榄油、黑橄榄、干白酪、香料、西红柿与Marsala酒。这六种食材是意大利菜肴调理上的灵魂,也代表了意大利当地所盛产与充分利用的食用原料,因此意大利菜肴能无出其右地被称为“地道与传统”。最常用的蔬菜有西红柿、白菜、胡萝卜、龙须菜、莴苣、土豆等。配菜广泛使用大米,配以肉、牡蛎、乌贼、田鸡、蘑菇等。意大利人对肉类的制作及加工非常讲究,如风干牛肉(Drybeef)、风干火腿(Parmaham)、意大利腊肠、波伦亚香肠、腊腿等,这些冷肉制品非常适合于开胃菜和下酒佐食,享誉全世界。 以米面做菜,花样繁多,口味丰富意大利人善做面、饭类制品,几乎每餐必做,而且品种多样,风味各异。著名的有意大利面、匹萨饼等。具有不同形状和颜色的意大利面,斜状的是为了让酱汁进入面管中,而有条纹状的粉令酱汁留在面条表层上,颜色则代表了面条加添不同的营养素。红色面是在制面的过程中,在面中混入红甜椒或甜椒根,黄色面是混入番红花蕊或南瓜,绿色面是混入菠菜,黑色面堪称最具视觉冲击力,用的是墨鱼的墨汁,所有颜色皆来自自然食材,而不是色素。面条口味则以三种基本酱汁为主导,分别是以西红柿为底的酱汁,以鲜奶油为底的酱汁和以橄榄油为底的酱汁。这些酱汁还能搭配上海鲜、牛肉、蔬菜,或单纯配上香料,就会变化成各种不同的口味。
287 评论(11)

弓子洲

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat
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