当前中学英语课堂教学存在的主要问题及对策日期：2005-07-23 来源： 作者： [ 摘要 ] ： 中学英语课堂教学是提高教学质量的关键。当前英语课堂教学存在的主要问题是：填鸭式、陈旧式、应试式、厌教式、母语式。为了彻底改变这种状况，必须采取相应的措施和对策，即做到：精简讲解、导练结合；加强英语教学设备建设；用英语口语讲学；调动学生学习积极性；培养学生自学能力。 [ 关键词 ] ： 英语课堂教学、存在问题、原因、对策 中学英语课堂教学是提高学生学习英语兴趣的重要途径，也是提高英语教学质量的关键。教师在课堂上如何教，学生在课堂上怎样学，一直是研究者探讨的重要问题。近年来，中学英语课堂教学经过了改革和总结，收到了较好的效果，但目前还存在不少的问题，笔者拟就这些问题作分析探讨，并有针对性地提出解决问题的对策，以求教于同行者。 一、中学英语课堂教学存在的主要问题 当前影响和阻碍中学英语课堂教学质量提高的主要问题有： 1 、填鸭式。有些教师上课时滔滔不绝，黑板写得满满的，学生不停地记笔记。这种满堂灌、填鸭式的教法带来很多弊病。教师讲得过多，他所能提供给学生独立掌握知识、主动训练能力的机会就越少，学生常处于被动位置，没有时间及时思考、消化、吸收，所学知识当然没法巩固。再有，讲得过多，重点不突出，学生掌握不了要领，课堂气氛也沉闷，学生客易产生疲劳。 2 、陈旧式。有些教师上课停留在原始的教学状态中，没有语音室，没有幻灯片，没有电脑等现代化的手段来辅助教学，甚至连录音机都少用，从始至终都只靠教师讲述，根本提不起学生学习的兴趣。 3 、应试式。学生参加中考和高考，只有笔试，不考核学生的听说能力。为了适应学生答卷的要求，很多教师不注重听说训练，学生满脑子装的全是语法、句型和条条框框，听说能力很差。 4 、厌教式。有些教师不能透彻地掌握教材，处理课文缺少灵活性，教学方法呆板，又不善于学习别人的长处和更新知识，长年累月地重复这种教学，感到厌烦。另外，有些教师教学任务重，既当班主任，又同教几个班，还有中高考压力，一天忙于教学等事务之中，时间一长，也容易产生厌烦情绪。 5 、厌学式。学生学习死记硬背，有些学生甚至不识音标，不会拼读单词。往往按照单词的字母顺序，象读电话号码那样反复背诵、书写生词。结果，学生的 “ 努力学习 ” 收不到应有的成效，学过的单词念不准，新的单词不会念，加上作业过多，越学越吃力，就会在心理上产生害怕、厌恶甚至抵触的情绪。 6 、母语式。有些老师较多地利用母语教学，把英语课变成汉语课。在初一外语教学中，由于教学内容浅，容易听得懂，易于用直观手段进行教学，不必处处借助母语翻译。但在高中阶段，一些教师还习惯用母语来讲授和解释，学习外语的气氛在高年级中，还没有较好地形成。 二、原因分析 上述中学英语课堂教学存在的主要问题，产生的原因较复杂。有客观原因，也有主观原因，具体表现在： 1 、教师习惯用传统的教学方法。传统的教学方法最显著的特征就是采用填鸭式和落后的教学手段，因为，这种传统的教学方法简单和省事，不用多动脑筋和使用先进的教学设备，就可以进行教学了。虽然有些学校不乏先进的教学设备，但一些教师为了图简单和省事，不认真动脑筋考虑教改问题，不想搬动教学设备，只靠一本书，几支粉笔和一张嘴就进行英语教学了，使得学生在缺乏先进的教学设备和手段的课堂上只能被动地接受灌输。 2 、跟着考试的指挥棒走。虽然学生考试分数是检验教师的教学效果和学生的学习成绩的重要依据，但是为了单纯考试，导致教师在教学上和学生在学习上，只注重猜题和笔试练习，忽视了英语的听说教学、全面的基础知识教学和综合能力训练。有的只注重抓毕业班、抓重点班和抓尖子学生，结果是着重从初一抓起，大面积地提高学生英语学习质量成为一句空话。 3 、教师教学和学生学习任务过重。在教师教学上，由于一些学校英语教师相对缺乏，使教师上的班数多，批改作业的任务十分繁重，教学任务只停留在完成时数上，没有精力去研究教学质量，上课内容来回重复，致使教师产生厌教情绪。在学生学习上，由于学生学习单调，掌握不了新知识，每天都要完成大量的作业，学生感到压力很重，也使学生产生厌学情绪。 4 、外语教学用母语讲解，英语教学，应尽量培养学生的英语思维，即用英语来讲解，但有些教师认为学生听不懂和不理解，除读课文是用英语朗读之外，其余课堂讲解基本上是用汉语来解释，久而久之，学生的听力亦无法提高。 5 、学生学习英语的积极性没有充分调动。学生在学习英语中，目的不够明确。在开始学习英语时，感到新鲜并下了一定功夫，但学习时间长了，便感到枯燥无味。加上教师在教学中没有很好地引导，致使学生对学习英语的积极性没有充分调动起来。 三、措施与对策 采取相应措施，克服中学英语课堂教学存在的主要问题，对于全面提高中学英语课堂教学质量，提高学生学习英语的兴趣，将起到重要的作用。笔者认为，应从以下几个方面入手： 1 、精简多练，导练结合。 “ 精简多练 ” 是指教师在传授语言基础时要精练讲解，不必面面俱到，胡子眉毛一把抓。精讲就是要讲重点、讲疑点、讲难点，所给出的例句要精炼、典型、实用，以便学生记忆和模仿，灵活运用英语。 “ 导练结合 ” 是指教师应根据教学要求，精心设计训练的步骤，组织学生进行有效的训练。所设计的练习要贴近生活实际，生动、有趣，富有吸引力。学一句，就要真正掌握一句，到交际场合能够脱口而出，所以练的方式十分重要。教师要吸收一切有效的方法为教学服务。 为了使学生对所学内容有清晰、深刻的印象，要活学活用，激起学生兴趣，活跃课堂气氛，以提高课堂教学效果。比如在上反身代词这一讲时，首先明确教学目的，就是让学生学习七个反身代词和作主语同位语的主要用法，然后根据学生平时所接受的程度来确定教法。在 “ 联旧引新 ” 这个环节中，可让英语成绩较差的一男生和一女生上黑板写 I--my ， you--your （你的）， he--his ， she--her ， we--our ， you--your （你们的）， they--their 七对作主格和作形容词用的人称代词，给他们一个表现机会，老师指着那位男生对全班说（并提醒全班在听的过程中特别注意最后一个单词，分析其构词法）， “He can write these words himself” ；然后指着那位女生对全班说： “she can write these words herself” ；（每引出一个反身代词，都把它写在学生所写单词后面）接着，教师在黑板上写 They can write these words -- ．提问学生这个空格该填什么。学生在前面例子的启发下，有些填 theirself ，有些填 themself 。英语中没有这两个单词。教师把正确的填法 themselves 告诉他们，此时，正确与错误的填法相对照，学生印象深刻，记得牢。接着，教师又提问全班 “Can all of you write these words yourselves ？ ” 。教师听到有人回答时用 ourself 、 weself 、 ourselves 。接着又问： “Can all of us write these words ourselves ？ ” 学生回答之后老师再说， “Yes ． We can write these words ourselves 。 ” 这样，把正确的反身代词 ourselves 告诉了学生。教师又在黑板上边画简笔画边说， “I can draw a tree myself ． I can draw a car myself ． ” 接着，教师又提问一个学生 “Can you draw a cat yourself ？ ” 他在回答时用了 myself ．至此，引出了七个反身代词。现在教师引导学生总结反身代词的构成规律，特别指出 himself 、 themselves 是个例外。此时，指出反身代词作主语同位语的用法。 在引导学生进行巩固练习上，教师联系生活实际，提问学生，例如 “Do you do your homework yourself （你自己） /yourselves （你们自己）？ ”“Do you go to school yourself ？ ” 教师还引导学生进行听、说、读、写、背、交换句型练习。创造语言环境，当学生看图说出 “Mike can find his shoes himself under the bed” 时，情不自禁地为形象的画面所感染，这样就轻松地达到了教学的要求。 2 、加强英语教学设备建设，采用先进手段来组织教学。当今的社会是科学技术迅猛发展的时代，英语教学还停留在原始的教学状态中，已不能适应时代的发展要求。现在一些发达国家的语言教学，普遍采用了先进的教学手段，不仅通过语音室设备、幻灯片、录音机、录像机等来辅助教学，还采用了电脑教学手段、电脑考试手段等等。这些先进的教学设备，特别是电脑教学手段和电脑考试手段，在我国中学英语教学中，还没有得到普及使用。为了大面积地提高中学英语教学质量，必须加强英语教学设备建设，采用先进设备来组织教学。 3 、强化用英语口语讲授，但不排除母语。初一学的汉语习惯已基本形成，母语对英语学习产生的负迁性较大。充分使用英语组织课堂教学，创造外语环境，尽量减少负迁性的作用，无疑是提高英语教学质量的重要环节之一。 教学实践表明，在初一英语教学中有计划地使用英语组织课堂教学，不仅是必要的，而且也是可能的。因为初一只要使用简单的英语，就可以组织学生进行英语训练，而且教学内容比较浅显易懂，易于采用直观手段进行教学，不必处处借助母语翻译。当然，对于抽象意义的单词和结构比较复杂的句子，适当用母语点拨一下，不仅是允许的，而且也是必要的。 4 、采取灵活多样的教学方法，培养学生的学习兴趣。 要使学生产生学习动力，光讲大道理、明确学习目的是不够的，教师还必须使自己的课生动有趣，吸引学生，让学生保持旺盛的学习兴趣。对于起始年级的学生来说，兴趣就是动力。培养学习兴趣是导致学生热爱这门学科的途径，而好的教学方法又是激发兴趣的重要因素。教无趣，必不乐学。学生的学习兴趣很大程度上来自教师的主观努力，这就需要教师通过不断的观察和总结，把培养学习兴趣贯穿于整个教学过程中。教师应注意做好两个方面的工作：一是教案的设计要符合学生的实际情况，周密地考虑到自己所讲的知识将会在学生的头脑中得到怎样的理解，并根据这一特点来确定教法，力争达到教与学的统一。例如，怎样引出新知识、新句型，怎样用同学们熟悉的生活现象去解释一个概念，怎样创造情景，怎样归纳学过的知识等，都要切合学生的实际，才能引起他们的兴趣。二是控制课堂上学生的注意力。我认为，中学外语教学的成败在很大程度上取决于教师是否能在课堂上保持一种生动活泼的教学气氛。只有生动，才能吸引学生的注意力；只有活泼，才符合学生的心理特点，使他们感受到学习的乐趣。一切方法，只要有利于激发学生的兴趣，有利于培养良好的学习习惯，都应该采用。但又必须根据课堂上学生的知识反馈和思维活动情况灵活选择教法，这就需要教师在课堂上不但要注意知识的讲授，更要密切注意学生的思维进展情况，例如，我给同学们讲完 can ． must 相互转换的用法以后，立即在会话中进行训练。我问一个同学： “May I use you pen ？ ” 回答： “Yes ， you may ． ” 并把钢笔递给我。接着我又向他 “ 借 ” 尺子、橡皮、小刀，他的回答是相同的，而且越答越快，我突然问道； “May I use your head ？ ” 他也脱口而出： “Yes you may ． ” 课堂里随即爆发出一阵轰笑，他自己也笑了，并马上纠正说： “sorry ． You mustn't ． ” 我接着向全班提问： “May I go now ？ ” 一位同学站起来回答： “No ． you mustn't ． ” 我接着问： “Why ？ ” 他想了一想说： “We are having a class ． ” 当下课铃响以后，我又问另一个同学： “May I go now ？ ” 她说： “Yes ， you may ． ” 我问： “Why ？ ” 她道： “The class is over now ． ” 此时此刻，我们虽然是在进行练习，但同学们似乎并没有意识到，而是沉浸在语言交际中，并把机械性的练习变成了创造性的练习，学生兴趣很浓，学习效果亦大大提高。 5 、建立融洽的师生关系，创造和谐的课堂气氛。融洽的师生关系有助于创造和谐的课堂气氛，这需要教师在主观上作积极的努力。教师应该是学生的贴心人，了解他们的心理特点，关心他们的学习、身心健康，体谅他们学习英语的难处，善于激励他们。 进入中学的学生心理有一个明显特点是：自尊心强。以学生为主体进行教学就要注意学生的这些特点，确立尊重学生的思想。教师如果认为自己是 “ 大人 ” ，学生是 “ 小孩 ” ，或者歧视差生，就会在行动上自觉不自觉地挫伤学生的积极性。这样，当然无法建立和谐的交往关系。 学生的英语程度参差不齐，教师对差生的态度尤其要慎重，不能放弃对他们的努力。教师要努力寻找他们的闪光点加以鼓励，帮助他们树立信心。给他们介绍一些学习方法的书，并教他们一些改善大脑记忆力的锻炼方法。对于作业出现较多的错误，不是简单用红笔打 “×” ，一概否定，而是把正确的部分划出来，写上 “good point” 或 “good sentence” 之类的表扬话，使他们感到还有希望，从而保持学习的积极性。对差生，还要经常让他们有表现的机会，那怕是点滴的进步都要加以表扬，学生并不是单纯地追求表扬，往往是把老师的表扬看成是对自己的关注和重视，从而激发继续向上的动力。学生进步了，对老师的感情也深了。师生间的融洽关系使学生感觉到课堂气氛轻松，表现出愿意配合老师的教学，使教与学的活动得到良好开展。 6 、教给学生学习方法，培养学生的自学能力。教师不仅向学生传授知识，而且还要注意传授自学方法，并从初中抓起，如教给学生记忆 26 个字母的句子 ----A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 、提供记忆动词 be 的变化歌；教会学生查字典；帮助学生掌握名词复数、第三人称单数形式的规律；用图解法帮助学生理解现在进行时；指导学生建立 “ 做学习有心人 ” 的学习卡片，随时记下单词的合成、转化，派生词和反义、近义、同音词；帮助学生过好音标关，用读音规则来拼写单词；坚持让学生在上新课前，先听录音，模仿正确的语音语调等等。在高中阶段，培养学生拼读单词的能力、构词分析能力和推断能力；帮助学生具有论证能力、概括能力和阅读能力；以及提高学生对句法分析的能力。在句法分析的能力上，提醒学生以求正确理解，否则就难免差之毫厘，失之千里。例如，有些学生把 I should like to be in formed when you will be free ．错译成： “ 当您有空的时候，我很想请您告知我一下。 ” 因为他们把 when you will be free 看作是时间状语从句，实则这里是 in formed 的宾语从句，全句的意思是： “ 我很想请您告知我您何时有空。 ” 可见培养学生的句法分析能力对自学十分重要。 综上所述，要提高中学英语课堂教学质量，教师必须在课堂教学上下功夫，克服存在的主要问题，采取相应对策。同时，学生也要配合教师的课堂教学，认真听课，提高课堂学习质量。只有双方的共同努力，中学英语课堂教学才能取得好效果。
English classroom teaching effectivenessThe effectiveness of classroom teaching is to through classroom teaching activities to make students have a harvest， have improved， there is Specific performance in: students in the cognitive， never understand to understand， from ignorant to know more， from won't be present at the meeting; Emotionally， I never like to go to love， from love to love， never interested in the But the most core is to see if students willing to learn， active learning and how to learn， will Corresponding to the /"validity/" of classroom teaching is the classroom teaching of /"inefficient/" /"Inefficient/" of classroom teaching can lead to the development of student ability did not get， low self-esteem， anxiety， learning motivation played down such as negative /"Inefficient/" class also ignores the students' subject status， poor classroom practice situation and language activities away from the real situation， students passive absorption， lack of practice， knowledge cannot be internalized， skills cannot Combined with the usual teaching， teaching practice， I summarized the following method to improve classroom teaching Highlight the language practice， reveal class earnestlyTeachers' classroom topic must be accurate， sets the time advantage key breakthroughs in the classroom must break the doubtful point， difficult point， key points and It depend on teacher himself careful preparation before class， including the need to repeatedly commented subject design and effective Earnestly at the same time， the teacher in class can implement the requirements largely depends on the student's level， actual return to take raw as this Our teaching activity design also should give full play to the initiative of students take the student as the main body and initiative， to let them willing to listen to the Therefore， teachers must first change the idea， the transformation role， the transformation Starts from the use of good teaching material in the material， build student-centered (student - centered) and activity (the activity - centered) for the center of the new So we can't take classroom teaching as a closed system， they should find ways to make English classroom teaching activities became more /"alive/" Teachers must set up teaching English contact student learning and the concept of life， make the life of the teaching materials to students， into the inner world of the students， guide students to experience and feel the In language practice to cultivate students ability to use English， motivate students' academic interest， thinking and solving problems， develop students' thinking of extensity， flexibility and The teaching progress to teaching effect， pay attention to classMany teachers complain that in actual teaching， the text content is too much， lack of classroom teaching Many teachers think without explanation word for word， always don't trust， afraid of exam， the students don't This kind of education for a long time to make the students lose the ability to thinking and Teachers should change idea， actually believe that student's understanding of language In our teaching， we should fully make students in thinking， communication and mutual discussion and other activities to improve understanding of language using ability， like to teach children to walk， let their children do Teaching progress and learning effect is not completely is a pair of contradictory To improve the effectiveness of high school English classroom teaching， English teachers also need to consciously handle the teaching progress and the relationship between the students actual I think the schedule compliance effect， value English is a practical subject and the language of the ultimately depends on raising the level of the learner's understanding again and Teacher's teaching is always limited， students consciously active learning is In classroom teaching process the teacher should really care about is not how you teach how much， but should pay close attention to what students learned， learned， mastered much， pay attention to students is how to think and Adhere to the USA to implement knowledge and knowledge together in the internalization of student body， one step at a time， in this way can the teaching effect by the New standard requires teachers to use teaching materials to teaching， the teaching material and teaching resources Therefore， teachers should have the courage to break the tradition， to try new ideas， new methods， to improve the effectiveness of the English classroom In a timely manner after class reflection， strengthen teaching experienceA teacher growth process must be experience and Effective reflection needs teachers to their own teaching activities as the object of thinking， to oneself teaching behavior， methods， decision and results to conduct a comprehensive review and Teachers through classroom teaching /"and/" thinking to myself， can let oneself enjoy teaching in hope of success， at the same time can help us in a timely manner to correct， remedy and adjust teaching measures， improve the efficiency of classroom To sum up， our English teaching under new curriculum reform workers should improve their own English quality， and establish the concept of lifelong learning， constantly improve their professional Teachers have no longer is only a bucket of water， and it should be /"tap water/"， also must be of high quality water， water must also be taught to students
In the traditional English classroom teachers are teaching students， the doubts， the class accounted for most of the time by their own teachers， and students only passively accept the language The new curriculum standards advocated "student-centered" philosophy of teaching is to change the In the traditional English classroom teachers are teaching students， the doubts， the class accounted for most of the time by their own teachers， and students only passively accept the language The new curriculum standards advocated "student-centered" philosophy of teaching is to change the English language teaching in the new concept， that is， student-centered point of view， one of the specific embodiment， that is， student-centered teaching model for the To student-centered instruction characterized by attention to and reflect the main role of students， but also can not ignore the leading role of teachers in the classroom where the students bring into full play the main To bring into full play the role of the teaching model， re-examine the positioning of teachers in the classroom and on the essential In today's information explosion， the growing of new information， information dissemination channels and means to become increasingly diverse， teachers can not have all of the individual to meet the needs of students of knowledge， so I think that the teachers in the subject of student-centered teaching model role should be defined as: Teachers are no longer mere disseminators of knowledge， but also the organizers of classroom activities to play， students master the language knowledge and the promotion of the development of communicative competence， as well as encouraging students to learn the language of partnership and students and authors I think that teachers should pay full attention to the requirements of students， targeted， the use of classroom teaching in all possible ways to stimulate student interest and trigger their imagination and creativity to effectively organize lively classroom activities， such as audio-visual performances， discussions， do combination of games and talk about practice， while teachers can not claim the authority of， and strive to create true for students to accept and fully understand the learning Display the true self， in good faith with the exchange of students， not arrogant， but often little recognition of the progress of In teaching students of different personality with the attitude of respect and acceptance， not because of individual differences of students and thick thisand intolerance students make mistakes in the learning That students in learning English， there are errors， not criticism lightly， instead of using the students to accept the way to make it realize that they are of the The attention of students the scientific way of thinking， not only "learning" and "" For their future in-depth study and to continue to improve and lay a good I leave the sense of teaching experience， that teachers and students in class time and energy in the input is close to the limit， but the actual language application ability of students has not improved， and its one of the reasons why teaching is a passive approach to In the design of traditional teaching， teachers to develop teaching programs， to be managers - students placed in a passive position， the students completely ignorant of the plan， the students ignored the initiative， enthusiasm and creativity to the loss of self-study training， self-management Teachers with lesson preparation and focusing only on teaching materials， trying to do because of "material" However， the students ignored the main factors， ignored the subject of teaching and research， did not do so because of "only" However， the basic purpose of English teaching is "to enable them to exchange information in E" If the lack of classroom activities for the active participation of students， lack of initiative of the students to play， even the best teachers， even the best art instruction can only be "castles in the " Students to become the mainstay of the classroom， in the present mode of teaching has become increasingly important， which determines a teacher can not teach students to be recognized and Advanced the idea of whether it is still rich and innovative content， really want to implement in the classroom on the need for appropriate modes of teaching， how can we enable students to become masters of the classroom， designed the most important mode of After many holidays， I think that teaching practice， we are now teaching model to be adopted， it should have the following conditions: Must be an open classroom， students must be able to give full play to the main classroom， teaching the organization must first pay attention to this point; II Activities should be a dominant type of classroom， there are students interested in music to participate in the activities， teaching design attaches great importance to activities designed to enable students to move up; Should be a focus on cultivating the ability to learn basic knowledge learned in the classroom as a supplement; Benefit the students the basic knowledge of basic skills learned primarily by students under the guidance of the teachers actively explore their own Therefore， the inquiry-based teaching model to be Interactive Construction of a wide range of modern information technology-assisted platform for students， teachers and students in the exchange of information The twenty-first century is dominated by information technology century， the popularity of the application of computers to society， science and technology has brought an unprecedented development， but also to bring about education reform in history I am substitute teaching during the holidays， the timely selection of appropriate media to support teaching， so that the image of a specific "map， text， sound， like" to create a teaching， so that the contents of the abstract concrete， clear， and the thinking of students active， interested abundant， can help students learn to play the initiative， positive thinking， better training of students in the capacity of independent First， using multi-media into new courses to stimulate student interest in learning new Russian writer Leo Tolstoy Great said: "The success is not compulsory for teaching needs， but to stimulate interest in " Are often interested in the pilot study， there has been interest in the power of Classroom is like a beautiful wonderful article， written at the beginning， readers will be able to attract experienced teachers pay more attention to import new Fine lead classroom， this lesson will enable students to love at first sight， the effect of the head start， like a magnet as soon firmly seize the spirits of students， arousing their desire for knowledge， so that every student can be actively thinking for himself， such as to the For example， students learn to me and "S Valentine's Day"， the use of multi-media show pictures of the Valentine's Day and music， at the beginning， the students live on the screen by those attracted to a hundred times the natural spirits， by the gradual change in these pictures and thought， the whole class， students are actively thinking and answer questions， do not have a lazy doze off students， the classroom filled passion， has received very good Of course， teaching is different from the lead taken by the design is different， regardless of which way we will be designed to stimulate students interest in the purpose of mobilizing students emotional， a lesson for a start to do a good
