wikipedia "marketing" 有非常多的连结中英文都有Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity， set of institutions， and processes for creating， communicating， delivering， and exchanging offerings that have value for customers， clients， partners， and society at The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market， as in shopping， or going to a market to buy or sell goods or Marketing practice tends to be seen as a creative industry， which includes advertising， distribution and It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants， which are often discovered through market Seen from a systems point of view， sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions， whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new Marketing is influenced by many of the social sciences， particularly psychology， sociology， and Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing Market research underpins these activities through advertising， it is also related to many of the creative The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the Four PsMain article: Marketing mixIn the early 1960s， Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix” Professor E Jerome McCarthy， also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s， suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: product， price， place and * Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services， and how it relates to the end-user's needs and The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties， guarantees， and * Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product， including The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services， time， energy， or Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing * Placement (or distribution): refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example， point-of-sale placement or This third P has also sometimes been called Place， referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold ( online retail)， which geographic region or industry， to which segment (young adults， families， business people)， also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect * Promotion: This includes advertising， sales promotion， publicity， and personal Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product， brand， or
