哥特式建筑: 科隆主教座堂 科隆主教座堂，是位於德国科隆的一座天主教主教座堂，它是科隆市毫无争议的标志性建筑物。157米高的钟楼使得它成为德国第二（仅次于乌尔姆市的乌尔姆主教座堂）、世界第三高的教堂，另外也是世界上第三大的哥特式教堂（前两位是塞维利亚主教座堂和米兰主教教堂）。它从13世纪中起建，工程时断时续，至1880年才由德皇威廉一世宣告完工，耗时超过600年，直到今日仍然修缮工程不断。艺术史专家认为它完美地结合了所有中世纪哥特式建筑和装饰元素，因此联合国教科文组织于1996年将其列为世界文化遗产（2004年科隆主教座堂被列入濒危世界遗产名录，2006年脱离该名录）。 1880年至1888年间科隆主教座堂曾是世界上最高的建筑。它至今仍是德国最受欢迎的旅游景点：2001年有5百万游客参观了这座教堂，2004年达到了6百万。 科隆主教座堂隶属於天主教科隆总教区，是科隆总主教的主教座堂，主保圣人为圣母玛利亚及圣伯多禄（圣彼得）。 根据考古发现，教堂原址在罗马帝国占领时期是普通民居。从公元4世纪末或5世纪初起，在这个位置上开始建起了小规模的教堂。之后教堂不断扩建和改建，直到873年9月27日老教堂正式落成——今日科隆主教座堂的前身。这座教堂在1248年4月30日的一场火灾中几乎毁坏殆尽。 1164年，神圣罗马帝国皇帝腓特烈一世将原存放于米兰主教教堂的“三王圣龛”（存放东方三博士的遗骨）赠给科隆大主教Rainald von Dassel。由此，各地来科隆朝圣的信徒骤增，原先的老教堂难以承受。1225年开始，建造新教堂的计划提上日程。 1248年8月15日，新教堂在科隆大主教Konrad von Hochstaden的主持下开土动工。建筑为哥特式，由建筑师Gerhard von Rile以法国亚眠的主教座堂为蓝本设计。之后建造工程时断时续，1560年因为资金原因完全停工。于是，未完工的主教座堂统治了科隆的城市轮廓线300多年。 直到19世纪初，随着德意志民族意识的觉醒，作为德国统一象征的科隆主教座堂获得了越来越重要的意义。另外，当时盛行德国的浪漫主义风气使得人们对中世纪重新感兴趣，教堂的最终完工也再次获得机遇。1842年9月2日，教堂在普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉四世的支持下重新开工。1880年，教堂在开工600多年之后终于按照最初的设计完工。157米高的双塔使得它成为当时世界上最高的建筑。德国皇帝威廉一世于1880年10月15日在科隆主持了盛大的落成庆典，然而庆典仪式由于具有新教背景的德国王室和天主教会之间的矛盾冲突而蒙上了不快的阴影。 科隆主教座堂在第二次世界大战中受到相当程度的损坏，被炮弹击中共约70次。尤其是北塔塔基，在战后的几十年里都依靠临时的砖结构加固才逃脱倒塌的命运。1948年在尚未完全修复的教堂里举行了庆祝开工700周年的仪式。1956年重新对信徒开放。 教堂内部有104个座位，具中世纪晚期风格的唱诗台是德国最大的，它的特别之处在于各有一个预留给教皇和皇帝的座位。祭坛里镀金的三王圣龛装饰精美，由于内部存放了被认为是属于东方三博士的遗骨，这个祭坛因为被认为是西方最重要的祭坛。教堂内的彩绘玻璃也远近闻名。 教堂顶上一共安置了12口钟。最早的是4吨重的三王钟，铸造于1418年，安装于1437年（后来三次重新铸造，最近一次于1880年）。之后是重达10吨的"Pretiosa"（当时西方最大的钟）和3吨重的"Speciosa"，分别于1448年和1449年安装。而教堂内目前最大的钟是圣彼得钟，重达24吨，直径22米，安装于1924年。 Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom， officially Hohe Domkirche S Peter und Maria) is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne， Cardinal Joachim Meisner， and is under the administration of the archdiocese of C It is renowned as a monument of Christianity， of German Catholicism in particular， of Gothic architecture， and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it It is dedicated to Saint Peter and the Blessed Virgin M The cathedral is a World Heritage Site， being one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany， and Cologne's most famous landmark， described by UNESCO as an "exceptional work of human creative genius"Cologne Cathedral is one of the world's largest churches， being the largest Gothic church in Northern E For four years， 1880-84， it was the tallest structure in the world， until the completion of the Washington M It has the second-tallest church spires， only surpassed by the single spire of Ulm Cathedral， completed ten years later in Because of its enormous twin spires， it also presents the largest façade of any church in the The choir of Cologne Cathedral， measured between the piers， also holds the distinction of having the largest height to width ratio of any Medieval church， 6:1， exceeding even Beauvais Cathedral which has a slightly higher Construction of the Gothic church began in 1248 and took， with interruptions， until 1880 to complete – a period of over six hundred It is 5 metres long， 5 m wide and its two towers are 157 m Cologne Cathedral， despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period， eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe"， as was befitting a worship-place of the Holy Roman Emperor and the traditional shrine of the Three K When the present Cologne Cathedral was commenced in 1248， the site had been occupied by several previous structures， the earliest of which may have been a grain store， perhaps succeeded by a Roman temple built by Mercurius A From the 4th century the site was occupied by Christian buildings including a square edifice known as the "oldest cathedral" and commissioned by Maternus， the first Christian bishop of C A second church， the so-called "Old Cathedral"， was completed in This burned down on April 30， In 1164， the Archbishop of Cologne， Rainald of Dassel had acquired relics of the Three Kings which had been taken from Milan in Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor， Frederick B The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over C It was important that they were properly The loss of the old five-aisled cathedral prompted a building program in the new style of Gothic architecture based in particular on the French Cathedral of A With the nineteenth century romantic enthusiasm for the Middle Ages and spurred on by the lucky discovery of the original plan for the facade， it was decided， with the commitment of the Prussian Court， to complete the It was achieved by civic effort， the Central-Dombauverein， founded in 1842， raised two thirds of the enormous costs (over US$ 1 billion in today's money)， while the Prussian state supplied the remaining Work resumed in 1842 to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings， but utilising more modern construction techniques including iron roof The nave was completed and the towers were The bells were installed in the The completion of Germany's largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event in 1880， 632 years after construction had The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm I The foundation stone was laid on August 15， 1248， by Archbishop Konrad von H The eastern arm was completed under the direction of Master Gerhard， was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be in use as the work Eighty four misericords in the choir date from this building In the mid 14th century work on the west front commenced under Master M This work halted in 1473 leaving the south tower complete up to the belfry level and crowned with a huge crane which was destined to remain in place， and the landmark of Cologne for 400 Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the nave between the west front and the eastern arm but during the 16th century， this
