Differences between Chinese and Western Education SystemMost Chinese parents like to ask, “How old should be the best age for children to study overseas?” “Is the foundational education as good as China in other countries?” As the matter of fact, the argument about advantages and disadvantages between Chinese Education and Western Education is keeping on all the This question is also one major concern among those students who are considering going In order to find out the most suitable way for each individual, we shall gather more information and compare both matters in China and foreign The basic issue of education is what kind of people we want to cultivate to be, and how to cultivate The concept of value, purpose of education and method of education between Chinese Education System and Western Education System are differentiated in many academic Let’s have a look at this with 2 cases:Darin Yokel is an art teacher from one primary school in Cincinnati, America; she is also a current student of Miami U To be as one of the exchange teacher with Chinese, she came to Kunming, Yunan to have an academic Her objective is split into 3 parts, teaching Chinese students, communicating with Chinese teachers and independent In Kunming, Darin found out that the painting skills of Chinese students are very One day, she gave out one topic which is called “happy festival” to her students, but all the students were drawing the same Christmas At first she thought that Chinese students are friendly so when they met a western teacher, they drew the Christmas tree for But later she found that every Christmas tree those children drown are with the same She looked closer, discovered that all the students were looking toward the same direction where one of the classroom Then she realized that there was one Christmas tree painting on the wall which prepared by the school as the purpose of creating a suitable painting atmosphere for Darin covered the painting on the wall and asked the students to create their own picture, to her surprise; she was so disappointed that once she covered the wall painting, the students could not draw a “happy festival” Some students were scratching the head, some biting the pencil, some staring at each other, but no one knew how to start their With the intention of solving the embarrassment, Darin has to open the cover of wall There is another case far in America: one professor mentioned in his article that his son did research when he was in primary school form One day he came back from school and asked father to go to library, he said he is doing one research on whales so need to go and find The professor took his son to two libraries and borrowed more than ten books about The little boy had finished his first research in his whole life on the topic of It contained 3 pages and one cover with a picture of whale and There were 4 tittles inside the report: introduction, what do whales eat, how whales eat and the features of The professor said that this is the shortest and simplest research he has ever seen in his life; however this is the most interesting research he has ever read as The main concern here is not how much knowledge of whale the boy has learnt, but the process of doing the He concentrated so hard to gather information, read articles, identify points, write essay and so He was doing individually and independently all through the He totally used his brain to carry out every step, thus he has achieved much more knowledge and skills beside only And this kind of research practice is continuous improving, when he was in Form Two, his research is only collecting other people’s But when he reached
浅谈中西方文化差异的对比
[摘要] 文化是一种社会现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象,是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说,文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。中西方文化存在许多差异:整体性和个体性的差异;中西方言谈的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会关系的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。了解中西方文化差异是极其必要的。
[关键词] 文化 中国文化 西方文化 差异
文化一词起源于拉丁文,意思是耕作土地(故园艺学在英语为Horticulture),后引申为培养一个人的兴趣、精神和智能。英国人类学家爱德华泰勒在《原始文化》(1871年)一书中,首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来,并表述为“文化是一种复杂体,它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗,以及其社会上习得的能力与习惯。”由此可见,文化的覆盖面极为广泛,它是一个复杂的系统。广义的文化是指人类在社会历史实践中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。狭义的文化是指社会的意识形态以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构。作为意识形态的文化,是一定社会的政治和经济的反映,又作用于一定社会的政治和经济。随着民族的产生和发展,文化又具有民族性。每一种社会形态都有与其相适应的文化,每一种文化都随着社会物质生产的发展而发展。
中西方的文化差异表现在诸多方面:
一、中西方言谈的差异
在中国,对别人的健康状况表示关心是有教养、有礼貌的表现。但对西方人的健康表示关心,就不能按中国的传统方式了。一个中国学生得知其美籍教师生病后,会关切地说“you should go to see a doctor!(你应该到医院看看)。”不料,这句体贴的话反而使这位教师很不高兴。因为在这位教师看来,有病看医生这种简单的事情连小孩都知道,用不着任何人来指教。如果就某种小事给人以忠告,那显然是对其能力的怀疑,从而大大伤害其自尊心。中国人在饭桌上的热情好客经常被西方人误解为不文明的行为。因西方人认为:客人吃多吃少完全由自己决定,用不着主人为他加菜添酒,而且饮食过量是极不体面的事情,因此客人吃饭后,主人不必劝他再吃。一位美国客人看到中国主人不断地给他夹菜很不安,事后他抱怨说“主人把我当猪一样看待。” 中国人路遇熟人时,往往会无所顾忌地说:“啊呀,老兄,你近来又发福了!”或者以关切的口吻说:“老兄,你又瘦了,要注意身体啊!”而西方人若听你说“you are fat(你胖了)”或“you are so thin(你又瘦了)”, 即使比较熟悉,也会感到尴尬和难以作答。
二、价值观与道德标准的差异
个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎
西方人崇拜个人奋斗,尤其为个人取得的成就自豪,从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感,以及在获得成就后的狂喜。相反,中国文化不主张炫耀个人荣誉,而是提倡谦虚。中国人反对王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂,然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人大为不满。“Your English is very good(你的英文很好),”“No, no, my English is very poor(不,我的英文很差)”;“You’ve done a very good job(你的工作做的很好),”“No, I don't think It's the result of joint efforts(不,这是大家共同努力得结果)” 这种谦虚,在西方人看来,不仅否定了自己,还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。这种中国式的谦虚在资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。
自我中心与无私奉献
西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强,主要表现在:(1)自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会,每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力,因此,每个人都必须自我奋斗,把个人利益放在第一位。(2)不习惯关心他人,帮助他人,不过问他人的事情。(3)正由于以上两点,主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方常常是令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能,而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人的私事。
中国人的行为准则是“我对他人,对社会是否有用,”个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操——无私奉献。在中国,主动关心别人,给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德,因此,中国人不论别人的大事小事,家事私事都愿主动关心,而这在西方会被视为“多管闲事”。 三、社会关系的差异
平等意识与等级观念
西方人平等意识较强,无论贫富,人人都会尊重自己,不允许别人侵犯自己的权利。同时,人人都能充分地尊重他人。在美国,很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣,也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻,因为他们都知道,只要自己努力,是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的谚语所言:“只要努力,牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even a cowboy can be ) 新中国虽已建立了近六十年,但传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中,教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威,家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。
核心家庭与四代同堂
美国式的家庭结构比较简单:父母及未成年孩子,称之为核心家庭。子女一旦结婚,就得搬出去住,经济上也必须独立。父母不再有义务资助子女。这种做法给年青人提供最大限度的自由,并培养其独立生活的能力,但同时也疏远了亲属之间的关系。 中国式的家庭结构比较复杂,传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中,老人帮助照看小孩,儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人,家庭成员之间互相依赖,互相帮助,密切了亲情关系。然而,这种生活方式不利于培养年青人的独立能力。
四、社会礼仪的差异
中国人见面喜欢问对方姓名、年龄、单位及收入等。而西方人很讨厌人家问及年龄与收入等个人私事。中国人路遇熟人总爱寒暄道:“吃饭了吗?”“到哪儿去?”“上班呀?”等。在我们看来这是一种有礼貌的打招呼用语,而若你跟西方人这样打招呼“Have you had your meal(吃过饭了么)?”“Where are you going(你去哪儿啊)?”他们则会认为你想请他吃饭或者干涉其私事,会引起误解。西方人见面,通常招呼道:“Hello(嗨)!”“How do you do(你好)!”“Nice day, isn't it(今天天气很好,不是么)?”对于别人的赞扬,中国人通常表示谦虚,并有一套谦虚之词,像“惭愧”、“哪里”、“寒舍”、“拙文”等。而西方人总是高兴地回答“thank you(谢谢)”以表接受。中国人用“谢谢”的场合较西方人少,尤其是非常亲近的朋友和家庭成员之间不常说“谢谢。”而西方人整天把“thank you”挂在嘴边,即使是亲朋好友和家庭成员之间也常如此。中国人收到礼物时往往放在一边,看也不看(生怕人家说贪心)。而西方人收到礼物时要当着客人的面马上打开并连声称好。中国人殷勤好客,一杯杯地斟酒,一遍遍地上菜,客人不吃不行,不喝也不行,使西方人觉得难以对付。而西方人的习惯是:Help yourself,Please(请随便用)!中国人送客人时,主人与客人常说:“慢走!”“小心点!”“再见,走好啊!”“你们进去吧!”“请留步”等。 而西方人只说:“Bye bye(再见)!”“See you next time(下次见)!”“Good night(晚安)!”
五、社会习俗的差异——对女性的态度
美国妇女和中国妇女的地位都不高,但美国妇女却有幸能享受许多传统的骑士习俗,尊重妇女的礼节在美国社会随处可见:男士为女士开门;扶女士下车;在马路上,男士走外侧,女士走内侧,以给女士提供保护;女士进餐厅时,所有的男士都要起立;餐桌前,男士要为女士拉开椅子,等女士站好了位置再把椅子送回女士的身后,请她就坐。 中国社会对女性的照顾和礼节似乎要少一些,且有一些专家注意到:汉字中带“女”字旁的有相当一部分含有贬义,如“妖、奸、奴、妒”等。
六、结语综上所述,中西方的文化差异还表现在许多方面,但简单加以概括其实并不复杂:反映到思维方式上是抽象和具体的差别,反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用,中国人多少更偏重一些精神感受。中西方的文化有着很多的差异,也存在着很多分歧,其中的很多习俗也产生了很多笑话。但是,不同的文化中的相同点就是这些都是人类的文化发展历程,这些文化的差异不能说谁优谁劣,这是客观形成的,它们的存在必将引起人类文化的继续发展,在当今世界,任何民族和国家都不可能丢掉或摆脱自己的传统文化。因此,来自外部的强加或内部的叛离,都不利于国家的发展和社会的进步。让我们共同来维护各种文化的发展,维护国家的安定,东西方的文化互相促进,互相学习,这样,人类的文化历程会走得更好。参考文献:[1]梁漱溟:中国文化要义[M]上海:学林出版社,1999年:P78-81
[2]段连城:美国人与中国人——中美文化的融合与撞击[J] 河北师范大学学报,2001年:P101-105
[3]胡文仲:文化与文学[M]北京:北京大学出版社,2002年:P69-72
[4]关士杰:跨文化交流学[M]北京:北京大学出版社,2001年:P57-59