我们简单来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项：题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成，例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题目一般不应是陈述句，因为题目主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题目具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题目，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。题目中的缩略词语，已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题目中，否则不要轻易使用。另外，还要注意题目字数的限制，国外科技期刊一般对题目字数有所限制，这些规定可供我们参考。总的原则是，题目应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题目词数越少越好。摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项： 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲，就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。A．英文摘要的时态：时态运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时，用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时，用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程）。需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何，所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时，完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。B英文摘要的语态： 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。主动语态：现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。被动语态：以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。C英文摘要的人称： 原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe…，To study…，To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。D避免一些语法错误：冠词，主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author fabricated a new The machine is operated with solar 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分a和an，如an X ray…数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，比如8 turn solenoid inductor…单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为长句容易造成语义不清，但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。引言： 主要研究进展，有代表性的同行研究工作，自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足，前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献参考文献选取要有代表性，除非那种特殊专业，我觉得参考文献不要参考会议的文章，尤其那些不知名的会议文章引用。文献要尽量全面客观：不要对相似文献避而不引，或者只引别人早期的工作，这会让人感到你对该领域了解不够，甚至是有意回避，就有学风问题的嫌疑。不能过低贬低别人的研究工作，要考虑自己和别人工作的时间差，不在一个时代的研究当然不能说自己比前人好，所以英语用词要注意些，客观些。引言写作注意事项： 好的引言相当于文章成功一半，最重要是保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，层层递进关系。首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容，要尽量简洁明了。一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。其次文献的总结回顾，要特别着重笔墨来描写。一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这是两个最容易出现的问题，应该是我们要极力避免的。再就是分析过去研究的局限性，并且阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个引言的高潮所在，所以更是要慎之又慎。阐明局限要客观，在阐述自己的创新点时，要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路，并且文章摊子不要铺得太大。创新性描述得越多越大，越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。最后就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容，可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述，为引言做好收尾工作，最后对引言检查。讨论： 这部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等首先讨论要重新说明主要发现，用一个句子表示较为理想。实际上，审稿人和读者最注意研究的短处，审稿人和读者一旦发现研究的短处，而作者未加讨论，他们对文章的信任会发生动摇，心生疑窦：是否还有他们和作者都未发现的其它弱点呢？其次，将该研究与以前的工作联系起来，不炫耀自己的工作比以前的工作如何好，而是比较其优劣，与其它研究进行对照，切忌将自己的缺陷掩盖起来。重要的是应该讨论为什么会得出不同于别人的结论，如果弄不清自己的研究结果为什么与别人的结果有差别，就不该断言自己的研究结果正确，而别人是错误的。接着应该讨论自己的研究“表明”什么，如何解释自己的研究发现，以及本研究有什么意义？作者甚至可以指出研究结果证明不了什么，防止读者得出过度、不实的结论。最后，应点明哪些问题尚未解答，以及要继续做的工作，审稿人和读者都不喜欢夸大的作法。图表：清晰直观、代表性清晰直观是基础，要让审稿人和读者不看正文就明白要表达的意思，代表性无论是自己实验结果还是和别人工作的比较，都要体现重点，无关的数据不要罗列在图表。合理解释每一个参数，合理说明每一个步骤。审稿人没时间考虑细节，程序和参数的合理化显示出你知道你在做什么，而不是凑数据。 没理由要找理由，有理由要强调。逻辑性：审稿人审稿时碰到作者的结论性错误，Microelectronic Engineering期刊的那篇，后来我给他指出错误并给他参考文献，不要轻易下结论，这很糟糕的。我就觉得这个作者文献还是看少了，特别是理论性的东西，所以他下错误结论。后来在修稿中改正了。 IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies的那篇，我认为作者没有好好解释实验结果，图中曲线的解释不是很好。比方说，1、2、3、4条曲线不同尺寸（1mm、2mm、3mm、4mm）出现轨迹差不多，但是第5条曲线（5mm）在x轴前半部分和其它四条轨迹差不多，但x轴后半部分曲线却异常，作者只是给出结果，但没解释，我审稿时就提出，怎么解释5mm的曲线后半部分与其它四条曲线不同，那6mm的曲线又会是什么样子？5mm是一个关键尺寸么？所以在画实验数据图时，特别注意异常点和异常曲线，要解释异常的原因，如果涉及到尺寸的曲线，还要考虑关键尺寸或者临界尺寸。 不要指望审稿人疏忽，还是要方方面面考虑文章，毕竟发文章是严格的学术活动。语法：写作时注意语言精炼准确，使用长句时不要出现语法错误，拼写错误可以完全避免的一般编辑审稿的文章，语法错误主要出现在介词、从句、对比语句和长句杂糅的错误，使用长句时注意不要让读者困惑或者产生歧义。介词比如in和on的混用，还有of和with的混用，对比语句主要是将A和B两事物，比如实验结果作对比、比较或并列，但出现了语法错误，长句杂糅主要体现在一些从句中，比如定语从句、非限制定语从句等缺少必要的主语、谓语或者其它句子成分。有些研究生说目前的感觉是没有一篇文章很顺利，感觉很郁闷，但郁闷是暂时的，后面会好起来的。特别是发第一篇外文，那种感觉我想每个研究生都会兴奋的。所以为了那种感觉，多多努力。
第一篇Hi，I’m I'm 13 years old and I study in xxx Middle S My school is Every morning I get up at seven and have And then I go to school at half past Lessons begin at eight o’ We have four lessons in the morning and Chinese is my favourite We usually have 10 minute's break between two lessons and at about 12 o'clock we finish our morning I have lunch at school at twelve I like school lunch and I always have rice with meat and After lunch I often talk with my friends or play basketball with In the afternoon lessons start at half past one and finish at four o’ I play games after school with my friends and then go home at half past In the evening I do my homework and then watch TV At ten o’clock I go to It’s really a busy day but I like 第二篇 As we can see， the world population is growing rapidly day by So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big What's more， with the development of industry， factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes， which consequently results in the pollution of Though fresh， a good amount of it can no longer be Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water Stop pollution and save water， otherwise， we cannot survive on the With fresh water， the world will be prosperous第三篇 保护水资源： As we can see， the world population is growing rapidly day by So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big What's more， with the development of industry， factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes， which consequently results in the pollution of Though fresh， a good amount of it can no longer be Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water Stop pollution and save water， otherwise， we cannot survive on the With fresh water， the world will be 翻译如下：正如大家看到世界人口增长迅速日。 给这类大的人口需要有足够的淡水。 怎么还有与工业事务局研究工厂和车辆产生有毒气体或，因此导致污染的水的废物。 虽然新鲜的可以不再使用好的量。 只有很有限的新鲜水资源可供人类。 因此，它是我们人类采取快速行动，保护水资源的时候了。 停止污染和保存水，否则，我们不能生存在地球上。 新鲜的水世界将会繁荣。改革开放：It has been thirty years since China started reform and began a policy of opening up China to the outside This has resulted in great changes taking place in various With the nine-year compulsory education(九年制义务教育) program，all children have the chance to be In the past 30 years，China has made great progress in science and In 2003，China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in As economy is developing fast，people's living conditions have greatly In addition，there have also been great changes in The 29th Olympics were successfully hosted in Beijing and Chinese athletes won the most gold I'm really proud of the great achievements in the past 30 It is the leadership of the Communist Party and the great efforts of us Chinese people that made all these Nowadays，people are working hard towards a more advanced and harmonious I'm sure China will have a brighter future and Chinese people will live a happier 第四篇保护水资源： As we can see， the world population is growing rapidly day by So enough fresh water is needed to feed such a big What's more， with the development of industry， factories and vehicles produce poisonous gases or wastes， which consequently results in the pollution of Though fresh， a good amount of it can no longer be Only quite limited fresh water resource is available to human So it's high time for us human beings to take quick action to protect water Stop pollution and save water， otherwise， we cannot survive on the With fresh water， the world will be 翻译如下：正如大家看到世界人口增长迅速日。 给这类大的人口需要有足够的淡水。 怎么还有与工业事务局研究工厂和车辆产生有毒气体或，因此导致污染的水的废物。 虽然新鲜的可以不再使用好的量。 只有很有限的新鲜水资源可供人类。 因此，它是我们人类采取快速行动，保护水资源的时候了。 停止污染和保存水，否则，我们不能生存在地球上。 新鲜的水世界将会繁荣。改革开放：It has been thirty years since China started reform and began a policy of opening up China to the outside This has resulted in great changes taking place in various With the nine-year compulsory education(九年制义务教育) program，all children have the chance to be In the past 30 years，China has made great progress in science and In 2003，China launched its first manned spaceship and fulfilled its first space walk in As economy is developing fast，people's living conditions have greatly In addition，there have also been great changes in The 29th Olympics were successfully hosted in Beijing and Chinese athletes won the most gold I'm really proud of the great achievements in the past 30 It is the leadership of the Communist Party and the great efforts of us Chinese people that made all these Nowadays，people are working hard towards a more advanced and harmonious I'm sure China will have a brighter future and Chinese people will live a happier 翻译如下：这是三十年以来中国开始改革与开始的外部 This 中国开放政策，导致在各个领域发生的巨大变化。 于九年强制 education(九年制义务教育) 程序所有孩子都有机会被 In 在 30 年中国已取得很大进展科技 In 2003、 中国推出其第一次的载人的飞船和完成首次空间行走在 As 经济发展迅速、 人民生活条件大大改善。 此外，也有很大的变化在 The 29 奥运成功承载在北京和中国运动员赢得最大的金牌。 我的确感到自豪的丰功伟绩在过去的 30 It 是共产党的领导和我们中国人作出所有这些 Nowadays，people 正在努力向更先进，和谐 I 确信中国将会有一个光明的前景和中国人民将过幸福生活的努力。电脑利弊：The main disadvantages are: some of the young people are too obsessed with the network control poor， it will trap into the Relevant data show that young people indulge in network performance is more than 89 percent Online games will have a strong young vanity has led to some young people have an unhealthy psychological， severely hampered the normal development of young There are fighting games so that some young people think that real life can be like a virtual network of the world as ruled by the law of the jungle to the world today， leading toward the path of Play the role of those villains， so that boys like girls change， but it's like boys The trap of the second network， some people because of social discontent， the network's own desire to radiation， leading to others on the network by fraud， deceived many examples， list goes Many benefits， save time and effort before the provincial lesson entirely on hand-written， time-consuming and laborious， much more will have to Preparation of a computer is now "semi-automatic"， and the school to teach all the prior knowledge input into the computer， after layout， modify， save， and finally print it out; the same can also copy the Computer is time-saving， labor-saving good helper， it gives me more time to study materials， the design of better teaching 第五篇I like badminton and basketball，basketball is my favourite sport，I like basketball I always wear a T-shirt，shorts and runners to play I can throw the basketball in the net， I think it is easy， but someone think it is hard， I can catch the basketball， On Sundays，I am a bbasketball I like to watch basketball game on TV， Yao Ming is my favourite basketball player， I want to be a real basketball player 第六篇Hello everyone !DO you like sports? Let me tell you whate my favorite sport Well I like tennis Becase of playing tennis makes me be healthy and You can run on the playgrond and enjoy it every So I really like playing tennis very mnch! 第七篇a meaningfull activity Last month I went to the hometown with my family，We decided to swim in the river where my father often swim when he was But when we got there，there was only a dirty river，so we thought we got to a wrong But there was a old man，he said:"Here is a place where you want to go"He look so sad when he said Then he said:"Two years ago，here was really a beutifu place，but one day，many visitors come here and threw rubbish The river be dirty and dirty，and it look like this now"When I heard this，I think we should protect our It was really a meaningful activity第八篇Our school has now started an activity called “Build Civilized Classes and a Harmonious C” The topic is “ Get Rid of Bad Habits and Greet Civilization” Bad habits do Some students throw rubbish everywhere or spit in Some wear long Others are even addicted to smoking and We require that the students break away from these bad We urge the students to wear their school uniform and be polite to During the activity， we’ll hold a picture show， a competition of classroom and dormitory decorations and so We all hope that we’ll build each class into a civilized one and our campus into a harmonious 第九篇My Birthday PartyIt’s J Today I am16 years I am going to have a party at home and I am waiting for all my friends to They are going to bring?lots of beautiful presents with My parents are preparing a lot of nice things to eat and At the party we are going to play games， sing songs， dance and listen to I think we will have a good
这是《科学美国人》杂志上的《PLASTICS GET WIRED》Like many technological advances， the innovations in the field ofconducting polymers began by While attempting tomake an organic polymer called polyacetylene in the early1970s， Hideki Shirakawa of the Tokyo Institute of Technology mistakenlyadded 1，000 times more catalyst than the recipe called What he producedwas a lustrous， silvery film that resembled aluminum foil butstretched like Saran Wrap—something that sounds more like a new andimproved way to keep leftovers fresh than a potential breakthrough inmaterials The substance appeared so unusual that when Alan G MacDiarmidspied it， he wondered if it would be a candidate for his goal of making“synthetic metals”—nonmetallic substances that could transmit In 1977 Shirakawa joined MacDiarmid and Alan J Heeger in their laboratoryat the University of Pennsylvania to investigate this form of After mixing in some iodine， the group found that the material’sconductivity subsequently jumped by a factor of several Durable， cheap， manufacturable and flexible， conducting polymers inspiredvisions of a future of transparent circuits， artificial muscle and electronicdisplays that conveniently roll up under the Researchers haveauditioned various demonstration devices， including components thatcould be useful for new displays， such as plastic transistors and light-emittingdiodes (LEDs) Although such a future is about as dreamy as it gets，many investigators see broad marketing opportunities possible now—inantistatic coatings， electromagnetic shielding， lights for toys and microwaveovens， among Perhaps mundane， such applications are nonethelesspromising enough that universities are collaborating with corporations，and scientists have initiated start-Although the pace of technological innovation has been impressivelybrisk， whether the materials will have an effect on commerce remains Firms are unlikely to invest in new equipment if the devices performonly marginally better than existing Polymer-based batteries，for instance， have a longer shelf life than do conventional ones， but theyhave penetrated the market in only a limited Flat-panel displays andLEDs made of organic substances face entrenched competition from existinginorganic liquid crystals and Still， optimism pervades the Because plastic and electrical deviceshave become integral parts of the modern world， researchers are confidentthat at least some profitable uses will Conducting polymers constitutea radically novel market area， points out Ray H Baughman of Allied-Signal in Morristown， NJ， who predicts confidently， “Fortunes aregoing to be ”Polymers， the constituents of familiar plastic materials and syntheticfibers， are large organic molecules built out of smaller ones linked togetherin a long Generally， they are insulators， because their moleculeshave no free electrons for carrying To make these substances conductive，workers exploit a technique familiar to the semiconducting industry:doping， or adding atoms with interesting electronic Theadded atoms either give up some of their spare electrons to the polymerbonds or grab some electrons from the bonds (and thereby contribute positivecharges called holes) In either case， the chain becomes electrically Applying a voltage can then send electrons scampering over thelength of the 《MICROPROCESSORS IN 2020》Unlike many other technologies that fed our imaginationsand then faded away， the computer hastransformed our There can be little doubtthat it will continue to do so for many decades to Theengine driving this ongoing revolution is the microprocessor，the sliver of silicon that has led to countless inventions， suchas portable computers and fax machines， and has added intelligenceto modern automobiles and Astonishingly，the performance of microprocessors has improved25，000 times over since their invention only 27 years I have been asked to describe the microprocessor of Such predictions in my opinion tend to overstate the worthof radical， new computing Hence， I boldly predictthat changes will be evolutionary in nature， and not Even so， if the microprocessor continues to improveat its current rate， I cannot help but suggest that 25 yearsfrom now these chips will empower revolutionary software tocompute wonderful 《HOW THE SUPERTRANSISTORWORKS》Although it is rarely acknowledged，not one but two distinctelectronic revolutionswere set in motion by the invention ofthe transistor 50 years ago at Bell TelephoneL The better knownof the two has as its hallmark the trendtoward This revolutionwas fundamentally transformed in thelate 1950s， when Robert N Noyce andJack Kilby separately invented the integratedcircuit， in which multiple transistorsare fabricated within a single chipmade up of layers of a Years of this miniaturizationtrend have led to fingernail-size sliversof silicon containing millions of transistors，each measuring a few microns andconsuming perhaps a millionth of a wattin 如果需要更多跟我联系，我有pdf版的资料。
