一、抓主题。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。考生必须在十分有限的时间内谨慎读完首段或前两段(必要时读末尾段)，把握主题倾向;搜寻关键词、捕捉时空(time)、顺序(first… Finally 等)、情节(人际关系，旅游交通，人物传记等)、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。二、看题干，带着问题读文章。首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案;而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有:infer， imply， suggest， indicate等。四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。 定义法It will be very hard but also very hat is， it will break 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。 同位法They traveled a long way， at last got to a castle， a large building in old 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。 对比法She is usually prompt for all her class， but today she arrived in the middle of her first but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)Perhaps， we can see some possibilities for next fifty possibility 是possible 的同根名词，据此可以断定possibility 意思是“可能性”。 因果法The lack of movement caused the muscles to Sometimes the weakness was So the player could never play the sport 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久的”。(一)阅读是获得更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段，考生在做阅读理解时，不仅要看懂文章的字面意思，还需要针对不同题材和体裁的篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的选择。一般来说，词汇、阅读速度和理解能力是阅读理解中三个最重要且有相互联系的因素。阅读的方法可以使用以下几种:读首段，找关键词(人名、地名、建筑、组织名、数字或but and besides howeverso therefor)。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。围绕关键词上下看一句。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。重复品味首尾段把好主题方向(二)不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧记叙文记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。说明文说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法、解释法、比较法、比喻法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等。l 数字说明文在阅读数字说明文时要特别注意文中数字的含义，从这些数字中可以找到文章的主要内容。l 解释说明文解释说明文着重说明事物的本质、特征和功用等。许多科普文章都属于这一类。在阅读这类文章时要学会解决what， how， why 等一类的问题。它们是文章的关键。如能带着这些问题阅读，将会更迅速抓住文章的主题。l 比较说明文比较说明文是通过对比方法说明问题。在阅读这类文章时要善于把握全篇陈述的基本倾向。作者在谈论一个有争议的问题时总要顾及到争议的各个方面。但是，在一般情况下，作者的陈述总要倾向于某一种观点。应用文应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。阅读理解的考题分为客观理解题(是指在短文中客观存在的事实，客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。即理解文中的具体事实或抽象概念)和主观理解题(这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，须通过阅读文章对文章主旨和深层含义有更深理解，并据此进行判断和推理)。其中细节理解题和猜测词义题属于客观题;主旨大意题和推理判断题属于主观题。针对不同类型的题目，要在平时的练习过程中，结合具体的题目，给学生进行解题方法的指导和讲解。对于客观题，要提醒他们阅读时关注文章的细节，如时间，地点或一些具体数字，在选择答案时，务必从原文中找到确切的依据。我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型，根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同，可采用不同的解题技巧来应付。Ⅰ事实细节题属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为:①Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?②Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?③Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?④All the following statements are NOT true except 细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如:表因果关系的because， since， as等;表转折关系的but， however ，on the contrary， on the other hand等等。Ⅱ猜测词义题在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手:1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如:The herdsman， who looks after sheep， earns about 650 yuan a 通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如:Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean， his neck still remains 和clean 意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。3)通过因果关系猜测词义because， since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词， hat与hat中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too 根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim 就是“修剪”之意。4)根据生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the 根据句子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。5)根据同等关系猜测词义同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如:At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。6)根据列举的事例猜测词义You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English” “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”， or “English Learning” 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。7)根据构词法知识猜测词义根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高考题文章中有这样一句:The schools are reluctant to take off —even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day AkindBunwillingC freeDareless 【解题思路】通过破折号可知正确答案为BⅣ主旨大意题这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类:确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关;其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节;然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小;最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖2、概括性强3、短小精炼。常见的标题型题干:1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be________2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______3) What is the best title for the passage?4) What’s the topic of the article?如:In the 1930s， a lot of people in the USA were out of Among these people was a man named Alfred B He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico” However， he was not completely satisfied with the game， so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “Lexico”to “Alph”and then to “Criss Cross” He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)Q: The text is mainly about________A LexicoB Three men C A word game D Alfred B【解题思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。主题句(topic sentence)及主旨大意(main idea)的概括一篇文章一般表达一个中心内容或主题。这个中心内容或主题通常用一个句子来概括。此句叫做主题句。一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释，说明，论证或扩展常见的主题句和主旨型题干:1) What is the topic sentence of the passage?2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?如:Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with Harvard Law School and， later， Boston College provided him with an excellent legal He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami， FQ: What is the main idea of the passage?A How Joshua Bingham became a B Bingham is a diligent C Joshua Bingham received an excellent D A good lawyer needs good 【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是:Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C。总之，阅读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。想要提高阅读能力，一是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯;如:要用眼光看，不要用手指去点;要默读，不要小声读。二是要积累大量的词汇，把阅读中的高频难词熟记，每次阅读后要整理好生词，然后记住其意思。三是要广泛地做课后阅读，坚持每天读1-2篇文章。四是不要一遇到生词就查字典，要先猜其意义，等做完题目后再查字典，以免影响阅读速度。
对比观点题型 （1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1． 有一些人认为。。。 2． 另一些人认为。。。 3． 我的看法。。。 The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular There are two sides of opinions of Some people say A is their They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more， ③-------------理由二) Moreover， ④---------------(理由三) While others think that B is a better choice in the following three Firstly，-----------------(支持B的理由一) Secondly (besides)，⑥------------------（理由二） Thirdly (finally)，⑦------------------(理由三) From my point of view， I think ⑧----------------（我的观点） The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因) As a matter of fact， there are some other reasons to explain my For me， the former is surely a wise choice （2） 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一） For example， they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处) In my opinion， I never think this reason can be the For one thing，④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一) For another thing， ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said， I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． 阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． 1． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． 2． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义) Indeed， we can learn many things form First of all，-----------------(理由一) For example， -------------------(举例说明) Secondly，----------------(理由二) Another case is that ---------------(举例说明) Furthermore ， ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion， ----------------(我的观点) In short， whatever you do， please remember the say------A If you understand it and apply it to your study or work， you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it 解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 1． 问题现状 2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days， we have to face I problem-----A， which is becoming more and more First， ------------(说明A的现状)．Second， ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A， we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the For one thing， ---------------(解决方法一) For another -------------(解决方法二) Finally， --------------(解决方法三) Personally， I believe that -------------(我的解决方法) Consequently， I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处) 说明利弊题型 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） 1． 说明事物现状 2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面） 3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily Generally， its advantages can be seen as First ----------------(A的优点之一) Besides -------------------（A的优点之二） But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse，------------------(A的第二个缺点)． Through the above analysis， I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative Therefore， I would like to ---------------(我的看法)． (From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A， we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way， ---------------(对前景的预测)．) 议论文的框架 (1) 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____ But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to A majority of people think that _ 观点一________ In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place， ___原因一_______Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____ So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____ People， however， differ in their opinions on this Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______ In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______ On the other hand， ____原因二_____ Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______ As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______ It is not only because ________， but also because _________ The more _______， the more ________ （2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______ In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____ Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as Firstly， ___优点一______ And secondly ___优点二_____ Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative To begin with， ___缺点一______ In addition， ____缺点二______ To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___ ( 3 ) 答题性议论文 Currently， there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ It is really an important concern to every one of As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this First of all， __途径一______ In addition， another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____ Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a number of various But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____ ( 4 ) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our It means ____谚语的含义_______ The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______ Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China， an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____ The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying， the more benefits we will get in our daily study and 图表作文的框架 as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart)， ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases)，significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____ From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart， it goes without saying that ________ There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______ On the one hand， ________ On the other hand， _______ is due to the fact that ________ In addition， ________ is responsible for _______ Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________ But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly As far as I am concerned， I hold the point of view that _______ I am sure my opinion is both sound and well- 实用性写作(申请信) Your address Month， Date， year Receiver's address Dear ， I am extremely pleased to hear from / to see your advertisement for the position in And I would like to write a letter to tell you / I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are / I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have On the one hand， On the other hand， I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest Best regards for your health and Sincerely yours， X X X 作文的开头 一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。 作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 1．开门见山，揭示主题 文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是： I Spent my last vacation happily． 下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头： Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary， one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头 在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头： The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to J The bus ride there took three The long trip made us very tired， but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed 回忆性的开头 用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were 4．概括性的开头 即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else， because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us 5．介绍环境式的开头 即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: It was a rainy and windy The sky was gloomy， the temperature was low， and the street was nearly I was on my way back to Suddenly， a speeding car came round the 6．交待写作目的的开头。 在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头： In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control
推荐几种帮助你提高速度的阅读方法： The Top-down Approach在阅读前可以做预测，可以有选择性地阅读你最感兴趣的部分，并且能用自己的话说出文章在讲什么。 The Integrated Approach通过文本之外的东西帮助理解，比如the expectations、the text、the author、the source、the publisher、the time of publication等等。 Reading with a Purpose阅读之前，你要先知道What are you reading for ?如果是for specific information，比如读新闻，那你就要scanning，找出需要的信息。如果是for thorough understanding and memorization，比如莎士比亚的戏剧，那就要intensive reading。还要一些具体的阅读技巧，比如怎样skimming， scanning，怎么搞懂图表，遇到生词怎么处理啊，推荐一门课，《大学英语学术阅读》（中国外语高校慕课平台上可以搜到），里面都有示例，你可以去系统学习然后应用。
