你好，我回答的是第三个题目，仅供参考，希望对你有帮助哦 What are the most important culture differences and elements of intercultural communication? As we all know， different countries have different 'Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from ' (Hofstede， 1991)It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on For example， when a company having meeting， the word "table" in American English that means to put something on the But in British English it means to put something off the This example indicated how the culture affects the There are four cultural dimensions that were defined in Hofstede's research: Power distance， Uncertainty avoidance， Individualism， Masculinity， and recently Hofstede add one more: long-term-short-term What I think the most significant influence in cultural difference is the power (Hoecklin，1995:28)"It would condition the extent to which employees accept that their boss has more power than they have and the extent to which they accept that their boss's opinions and decisions are right because he or she is the " I considered it as how much subordinates can consent or dissent with bosses or It is the distance between a manager and Among most oriental corporate cultures， there is hierarchism， greater centralization， sometimes called 'power-oriented culture'， due to the historical That is a high power distance culture that mangers make the decision and superiors appeal to be entitled more Their decision always close supervision positively evaluated by In this situation， it is not be regarded if a subordinates have a disagreement with their managers， especially in Malaysia， Japan， China， I In the oriental， power distance is also associated with 'the family culture' (Trompernaars， 1993:139) In this kind of corporate culture the manager is like the "caring father" who knows better than his subordinates what should be done and what is suitable for The subordinates always esteem the Because of the managers age and That is usually how employees get their There are both positive and negative parts in the family I feel it is an easy managing But sometime it is hard to get young creative employees work well cause of the As Tropmenaars (1993: 142) told us "family culture at their least effective drain the energies and loyalties of subordinates to buoy up the " So in family culture， the power distance can be viewed as the subordinates respect the That is the corporate culture in Let us take a look at the western It is not a whole converse There is 'the Eiffel Tower culture' (Trompernaars， 1997:166) in the international About the Eiffel tower Trompenaars (1993: 148) told us " Its hierarchy is very different from that of the Each higher level has a clear and demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath " German， Austrian have the characteristic of the Eiffel Tower Culture， which is a low power In the lower power dis tance， (Hoecklin， 1995:31) 'higher-educated employees hold much less authoritarian values than lower-educated ' The obedience showed from the subordinates to the superiors is not as much as the oriental The leadership can be called as hierarchy and Employee can have different opinion with his/her And when he/she got different ideas， he/she can go all the way up to the boss and discuss the This is a good thing usually company may explore all the potentials of its employees， because sometime the subordinates may have the better&nb sp;idea of the I think because of the different realization of power distance， people behave completely different in So conflict and misunderstanding must be emerged when two or more intercultures meet Under this situation， the international managers must pay attention to the clashes and be aware How to work the subordinates together efficiently and more cooperatively is important And then there is also a large discrepancy on the uncertainty (Hoecklin， 1995:31) defined 'Uncertainty avoidance is the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal ' That means people trying to setup rules to face to the There is high uncertainty avoidance in most oriental countries such as Japan， C In these countries， people prefer a stable They feel safe and prideful when they keep working hard at the one Under this circumstance， an excellent manager should keep his employee away from unpredictable ; And the employee would like to be worked within groups rather than independently cause of the less risk- But in most western countries， there is low uncertainty avoidance showed， whereas high job mobility occurs in those countries such as USA， Denmark， S The western people think that when they change their jobs， they can get more experience cause they like I believe that the divergence of the uncertainty avoidance is from different basic social A competent manager should pay attention on the rules setting between different uncer tainty
