英语文章中常见的逻辑关系 并列关系 and， and also， or， neither……nor， either……or， not only……but also， likewise， similarly， equally， in the same way， that is to say， as well as， same……as; 递进关系 also， then， besides， additionally， in addition， furthermore， moreover， what is more; indeed; 因果关系 because， for， since， as， thus， hence， therefore， so， so…hat， such…hat， in order that， consequently， accordingly， due to， thanks to， in response to， on account of， because of， considering that， seeing that， in that， now that， lest， as a result， for this reason;转折关系 but， however， yet， contrarily， on the contrary， by contrast， on the other hand， unfortunately; 让步关系 although， though， even though， even if， even， nevertheless， despite， in spite of; regardless of; anyway， anyhow 列举（顺序）关系 first/second/last of all， in the first place/in the second place/finally， to begin with/ to continue， first……then， on one hand……on the other hand， for one thing……for another， one……another， some……others……still others; 对比关系 while， whereas， as， / rather than， instead of， not… but; 时间关系 when， whenever， before， after， since， as， while， until， till， simultaneously， meanwhile， in the meantime， at the same time; 条件关系 if， only if， if only， unless， otherwise， as soon as， as long as， in case， suppose that， supposing that， provided that， providing that， when， whenever， with; 举例关系 such as， for example， for instance， of (these， those， them)， among (these， those， them)， to illustrate， as an illustration， to take an example， more specifically speaking， namely
英语文章中常见的逻辑关系 并列关系 and， and also， or， neither……nor， either……or， not only……but also， likewise， similarly， equally， in the same way， that is to say， as well as， same……as; 递进关系 also， then， besides， additionally， in addition， furthermore， moreover， what is more; indeed; 因果关系 because， for， since， as， thus， hence， therefore， so， so…hat， such…hat， in order that， consequently， accordingly， due to， thanks to， in response to， on account of， because of， considering that， seeing that， in that， now that， lest， as a result， for this reason; 转折关系 but， however， yet， contrarily， on the contrary， by contrast， on the other hand， unfortunately; 让步关系 although， though， even though， even if， even， nevertheless， despite， in spite of; regardless of; anyway， anyhow 列举（顺序）关系 first/second/last of all， in the first place/in the second place/finally， to begin with/ to continue， first……then， on one hand……on the other hand， for one thing……for another， one……another， some……others……still others; 对比关系 while， whereas， as， / rather than， instead of， not… but; 时间关系 when， whenever， before， after， since， as， while， until， till， simultaneously， meanwhile， in the meantime， at the same time; 条件关系 if， only if， if only， unless， otherwise， as soon as， as long as， in case， suppose that， supposing that， provided that， providing that， when， whenever， with; 举例关系 such as， for example， for instance， of (these， those， them)， among (these， those， them)， to illustrate， as an illustration， to take an example， more specifically speaking， namely
英语关联词 —并列连词 1 并列连词 在句子中不做成分，仅表示前后关系 用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分 1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this week or next week 2)连接分句:I went and she 可分别表示下列关系 1)转折:but， yet， however， neverthe- less 2) 因果:so， for， therefore 3) 选择:or， either…or， neither…nor 英语关联词 —并列连接词 2 4)并列和递进:and，both…and， as well as not only…but (also) 英语关联词 —关联词 关联词 用于引导从句 名词从句: He doesn't know what she 副词从句:If he comes， I'll give it to 形容词从句:He's the best student I've ever 英语关联词 —连接词 1 关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分，这是正确使用关连词的关键 连接词:引导名词从句，在从句中不做成分 1) that(无含义): I said that he was 2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系): I don't know whether it is 英语关联词 —连接词 2 连接代词 1)引导名词从句，在从句中做主语，宾语，表语和 定语 A who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语， 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词): I asked him who came into the / I asked him who(m) he saw whom/which 做宾语: Ask him which he 英语关联词 —关联词 3 C whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定 语: I wonder whose house that D what 做上面提及的各种成分: I don't know what I should What can be done 2)与不定式连用，在其中多做主语和宾语 We can't decide whom to We must decide what to I couldn't decide which to 英语关联词 —关联词 4 连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用，在从句 中做状语 1) how: That's how I look at 2) where: I don't know where he 3) when: Tell me when to use the 4) why: I'll tell you why you have to do 英语关联词 —关系词 1 关系代词 1) who 表示人，在从句中做主语和表语(口语 who中可做宾语，但其前面不可有与其配合使用 的介词): The man who spoke is my I don't know who he The man who I saw told me 2) whom 表示人，在从句中做宾语和表语: The man whom I saw told me 英语关联词 —关系词 2 3) whose 表示"某人/物的"，of which表示 "某物的"， 在从句中做定语: That's the man whose son is my The room whose window faces south is her The room of which the window faces south is her 英语关联词 —关系词 3 4) which 表示物，在从句中做主语和表语: I like the picture which was taken in front of the main 5) that 表示人/物，在从句中做主语和宾语; 注 意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法 A现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时: This is the best film that I've ever 英语关联词 —关系词 4 B先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时: the first， the last， the only， the same， the very， all， any， no， This is the last chance that you You are the only friend that I He told me all that he 英语关联词 —关系词 5 C 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时: much， little， none， everything/body， nothing， There's nothing in the world that can frighten D 以Who/Which开始的句子，其后的定语从句中 的关系代词不使用who/which，而代之以 Who that knows him would trust him Which of these buses is the one that goes to London 英语关联词 —关系词 6 E人和事物/动物同为先行词时: The man and the horse that fell into the river were 6) 关系代词做介词宾语 A一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所 在的从句的句尾，关系代词为that时，只可 放在其所在的从句的句尾 Is this the car for which you paid a high price 英语关联词 —关系词 7 Is this the car which you paid a high price for Is this the car that you paid a high price for Is this the car you paid a high price for B介词during， except以及表示(从整体中) "分割"(出部分)的介词of等介词要放在关 系代词的前面: 英语关联词 —关系词 8 The years during which he was away were long years to He wrote many books， some of which C其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必 须放在其动词之后，不可放在关系代词之前: This is the book which he has been looking 7)关系代词的省略 A关系代词作宾语时: The girl I work with is 英语关联词 —关系词 9 Bhat在定语从句中做表语时: He is not the man that he was when I saw him He is not the man he was when I saw him 关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语 1)where 地点: That's one point where I'd like your 英语关联词 —关系词 10 2) when 时间: At the time when I saw him， he was 3) why 原因: That is the reason why I came so 4) that 方式/时间/原因 I like the way that /in which he did 英语关联词 —关系词 11 That was the first time (that) I saw The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to 5)in which/at which = where This is the school in which/at which/ where he 6)for which = why I don't the reason for which he 英语关联词 —关系词 12 7)on which = when The day on which she was born was 22 September，
因果关系因：because、because of、for、as、since、in that、on account of、with果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、result in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees。在这段话中，有lead to表示了导致的意思，即结果，而so that更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。B 由…而来(果-因)：result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to如：“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce。”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect、present、demonstrate、suggest、implyD 考虑到：given、considering、in view of、thanks to、according toHe succeeded thanks to(in view of) his effort。E 依赖于：rely on、depend on、resort toHe resorted to books when he had problems。F 条件关系：when、once、as soon as、As long asAs soon as he got the money， he would leave the country at once。G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam， she cried。 对比转折关系A 对比：while、whereas、on the other hand在解释句子题、插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While、whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand，可以用来把握句间关系。B 转折：but、although、nevertheless、however转折是英语四级阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。 比较关系A 同级比较 the same toB 比较级：more than、-er thanC 变化：change、alter、vary、modify、revise、increase、decrease、enhance、diminish、develop、progress、advance、improve、retreat、degenerate、continue、remainD 差异：different、distinguish、separate、same、similar、comparable、compare toE 超越：surpass、exceed、excel、overF 最高级，本身有最高级含义：maximum、minimum、peak、outstandingG 本身程度比较深：amazing、surprising、astonishing、prohibitivelyH 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him。从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。 否定关系显性否定：no、not、never、nor、none neither隐形否定：fail to、refuse、remove、mi、reject、aence of、lack of否定前缀：a-、ab-、dis-、il-、im-、in-、non-、un-否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。双重否定：not fail to、not illegal、not uncommon、not unavailable双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。
