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1 Immune mechanisms in acquired demyelinating neuropathies: lessons from animal models Original Research ArticleNeuromuscular Disorders, Volume 12, Issue 4, May 2002, Pages 405-414Mathias Mäurer, Klaus V Toyka, Ralf Gold Show preview | PDF (449 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 2 Cyclic HPMPC is safe and effective against systemic guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection in immune compromised animals Original Research ArticleAntiviral Research, Volume 47, Issue 2, August 2000, Pages 103-109N Bourne, F J Bravo, D I Bernstein Show preview | PDF (80 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 3 Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: Etiology, pathology and animal models Original Research ArticleBehavioural Brain Research, Volume 204, Issue 2, 7 December 2009, Pages 313-321Paul H Patterson Show preview | PDF (406 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 4 Anti-endothelial cell antibody and immune complexes in the sera of animals with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Original Research ArticleJournal of Neuroimmunology, Volume 12, Issue 2, August 1986, Pages 89-97N Tsukada, A Inoue, N Yanagisawa, WMH Behan, PO Behan Show preview | PDF (452 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 5 Poxvirus immune modulators: functional insights from animal models Review ArticleVirus Research, Volume 88, Issues 1-2, September 2002, Pages 35-53Peter C Turner, Richard W Moyer Show preview | PDF (288 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 6 Immune and endocrine regulation of food intake in sick animals Original Research ArticleDomestic Animal Endocrinology, Volume 15, Issue 5, September 1998, Pages 309-319R W Johnson Show preview | PDF (247 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 7 Immune Protection in Animals: The Examples of Rinderpest and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Original Research ArticleJournal of Comparative Pathology, Volume 142, Supplement 1, January 2010, Pages S120-S124J Domenech, J Lubroth, K Sumption Show preview | PDF (492 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 8 Immune responses to ISCOM® formulations in animal and primate models Original Research ArticleVaccine, Volume 19, Issues 17-19, 21 March 2001, Pages 2661-2665Anders Sjölander, Debbie Drane, Eugene Maraskovsky, Jean-Pierre Scheerlinck, Andreas Suhrbier, Jan Tennent, Martin Pearse Show preview | PDF (80 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 9 Antigens from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks elicit potent cell-mediated immune responses in resistant but not in susceptible animals Original Research ArticleVeterinary Parasitology, Volume 115, Issue 1, 10 July 2003, Pages 35-48Beatriz R Ferreira, Matias J P Szabó, Karen A Cavassani, Gervásio H Bechara, João S Silva Show preview | PDF (144 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 10 Immune response of human volunteers and animals to vaccination with egg-grown influenza A (H1N1) virus is influenced by three amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin molecule Vaccine, Volume 11, Issue 4, 1993, Pages 400-406RW Newman, R Jennings, DL Major, JS Robertson, R Jenkins, CW Potter, I Burnett, L Jewes, M Anders, D Jackson, JS Oxford Show preview | PDF (680 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 11 Construction of a recombinant plasmid containing multi-copy CpG motifs and its effects on the innate immune responses of aquatic animals Original Research ArticleFish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2007, Pages 589-600Ying Chen, Li-Xin Xiang, Jian-Zhong Shao Show preview | PDF (608 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 12 Tolérance immunitaire vis-à-vis d’auto-antigènes du système nerveux : implications thérapeutiques Original Research ArticleRevue Neurologique, Volume 163, Supplement 1, September 2007, Pages 12-22R Liblau, C Cassan Show preview | PDF (221 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 13 Selection for high immune response: an alternative approach to animal health maintenance? Original Research ArticleVeterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, Volume 72, Issues 1-2, 15 December 1999, Pages 231-235Bruce Wilkie, Bonnie Mallard Show preview | PDF (86 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 14 The role of the humoral immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) Review ArticleAutoimmunity Reviews, Volume 4, Issue 7, September 2005, Pages 460-467Tjalf Ziemssen, Focke Ziemssen Show preview | PDF (2607 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 15 Regulation of the immune response to oral administration of antigens in food allergic experimental animals Original Research ArticleNutrition Research, Volume 18, Issue 8, August 1998, Pages 1343-1350L Å Hanson, S Lundin, M Karlsson, A Dahlman-Höglund, U Dahlgren, E Telemo Show preview | PDF (553 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 16 A role for an animal model in determining the immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease Original Research ArticleInternational Congress Series, Volume 1289, April 2006, Pages 289-292D Gorton, B Govan, C Olive, N Ketheesan Show preview | PDF (110 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 17 The role of natural plant products in modulating the immune system: An adaptable approach for combating disease in grazing animals Review ArticleSmall Ruminant Research, Volume 89, Issues 2-3, April 2010, Pages 131-139FD Provenza, JJ Villalba Show preview | PDF (251 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 18 The immune response to poliovirus-specific synthetic peptides: Effects of adjuvants and test animal species Original Research ArticleJournal of Virological Methods, Volume 10, Issue 2, February 1985, Pages 163-170Emilio A Emini, William A Schleif, Bradford A Jameson, Eckard Wimmer Show preview | PDF (439 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 19 Evaluating the validity of animal models for research into therapies for immune-based disorders Review ArticleDrug Discovery Today, Volume 9, Issue 12, June 2004, Pages 517-524Bert A 't Hart, Sandra Amor, Margreet Jonker Show preview | PDF (257 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 20 Immune activation during mid-gestation disrupts sensorimotor gating in rat offspring Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 190, Issue 1, 26 June 2008, Pages 156-159Amy R Wolff, David K Bilkey Show preview | PDF (188 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles 你这样是不行的最起码要自己会查文献

免疫学综述论文题目大全

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一、基因疫苗的诞生自1796年英国医生琴娜(Jener)首次采用牛痘苗以来,疫苗已在世界范围内被广泛应用,200多年来各种疫苗已经帮助人类战胜了包括天花在内的多种传染病然而,现有的疫苗主要有两种:第一种疫苗是传统疫苗,即弱毒活苗和灭活苗,如鸡新城疫弱毒苗,猪瘟灭活苗,它是直接将无毒或减毒的病原体作为疫苗接种到人或动物体内,刺激机体免疫系统产生特异性免疫应答,从而预防疾病的发生;第二种疫苗是基因工程苗,它是通过基因工程,先分离得到具有强烈免疫原性但无毒性的抗原蛋白的编码基因,然后导入表达载体中,再在宿主细胞表达出重组抗原蛋白,经分离纯化后的重组抗原蛋白作为疫苗接种如重组乙肝疫苗。但它存在一些不可忽视的缺陷如:灭活疫苗难以诱发细胞免疫,需多次免疫注射;亚单位疫苗免疫原性差;减毒活疫茵存在毒性回升的危险等问题因此,现在对一些传染病仍缺乏相应的安全有效的疫苗 第三代疫苗基因疫苗的问世,为解决这些难题带来了希望基因疫苗(genetic vaccine)又称核酸疫苗(nucleic acid vaccine)或DNA疫苗,是在基因治疗(genetic therapy)技术的基础上发展而来的。基因治疗是从20世纪80年代发展起来用于预防和治疗疾病的最具革命性的生物医学医疗技术,其原理是将人或动物的正常基因或有治疗作用的基因通过一定方式导入人体靶细胞以纠正基因的缺陷或发挥治疗作用,从而达到治疗疾病目的。1990年Wolff JA等在进行基因治疗试验时,以裸DNA注射作对照,结果意外发现裸DNA可被骨骼肌细胞吸收并表达出外源性蛋白。1992年Tang 、 DC等首次证明经基因免疫产生的外源性蛋白质——人生长激素可刺激小鼠免疫系统产生特异性抗体,而且加强免疫后抗体效价增加,从而宣告基因疫苗的诞生。(注:1)概括起来,基因疫苗就是指将编码外源性抗原的基因插入到含真核表达系统的载体上,然后直接导入人或动物体内,让其在宿主细胞中表达抗原蛋白,该抗原蛋白可直接诱导机体产生免疫应答。抗原基因在一定时限内的持续表达,不断刺激机体免疫系统产生应答反应,从而达到预防疾病的目的。二、核酸免疫的作用机理目前对核酸免疫作用机理的认识主要还仅限于理论推测,且多数资料来自基因治疗试验,二者在作用机理上很相似。在基因免疫中,含病原体抗原基因的核酸疫苗被导入宿主细胞,被周围的组织细胞、APC细胞或其它炎性细胞摄取,并在细胞内表达。表达产物作为抗原可能的呈递途径是:肌细胞直接摄入或经T小管和细胞样内陷摄取进入,在外源基因启动子作用下使外源基因表达,使产物在胞内水解酶的作用下分解成长短不一的多肽,其中的一部分被hsp70运到内质网,经网膜上的TAP分子转入膜内与主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)I类结合,最终在细胞膜表面被CDS十细胞识别;另一部分短肽进入溶酶体,与(MHC)Ⅱ分子结合,运到细胞表面被 CD4+细胞识别。这些多肽含有不同的抗原表位,它们将诱导细胞毒性T淋巴前体、B细胞和特异性辅助T细胞,产生细胞免疫和体液免疫。同时,基因表达可以通过细胞分泌和分裂的方式进入组织细胞间隙,以天然折叠方式被B淋巴细胞识别。核酸免疫后,还可以使肌细胞和抗原递呈细胞被感染,从而使CD4+和CD8+细胞亚群活化,产生特异的免疫应答。 CorrM等(1996)的研究表明,从转染DNA得肌肉组织释放出的抗原被APC摄入,运送到管状淋巴结中,在B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞表达, I类MHC限制的CTL应答可能主要以这种方式产生。以前曾认为该过程需要内源抗原的表达,但现在的研究表明,只要有外源抗原的存在,也能有效地引起I类MHC限制的CTL应答。 三、基因疫苗质粒载体的构建获得准确的抗原编码基因并将它插入到合适的载体DNA上,是发展基因疫苗的主要工作。1、编码抗原蛋白基因的分离制备DNA疫苗首先要获得编码抗原的基因,一般选择编码病原体表面糖蛋白的基因。抗原蛋白产生后可在宿主体内正确糖基化,从而诱导对病原体的免疫应答反应;对于易变异的病原体,最好选择各种变型都具有的核心蛋白保守的DNA序列,这样可对各种变异的病原体产生免疫应答反应,避免因病原体变异产生的免疫逃避问题。2 目的基因质粒的载体构建基因疫苗大多采用质粒作载体。一般说来,基因疫苗质粒载体至少包括5个主要的部件:(1)细菌复制子,以便质粒DNA在细菌体内复制扩增,得到大量的拷贝,但不能在宿主细胞(真核细胞)中复制;(2)原核生物选择性标记基因,如抗生素抗性基因,以筛选含有质粒DNA的阳性细菌克隆(菌株);(3)真核生物的启动子、增强子、终止子、内含子等转录调控元件;(4)编码抗原蛋白的目的基因序列;(5)多聚核苷酸信号序列,以保证mRNA翻译时适时终止。另外,基因疫苗质粒载体通常含有一段未甲基化的CpG序列,其具有刺激Th1细胞的免疫活性。四、严重创伤后全身性炎症反应综合征及免疫调节治疗严重创伤后机体免疫功能表现为双向性改变。一方面表现为以吞噬功能和白细胞介素-2(IL- 2)等产生降低为代表的免疫受抑状态;另一方面表现出以全身性炎症反应综合征为特征的过 度炎症反应。正是这二方面共同作用构成了创伤后机体免疫功能紊乱,诱发多器官功能不全综合症(Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome,MODS)。下面就全身性炎症反应综合征和免疫调节治疗作一综述。
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