这是《科学美国人》杂志上的《PLASTICS GET WIRED》Like many technological advances， the innovations in the field ofconducting polymers began by While attempting tomake an organic polymer called polyacetylene in the early1970s， Hideki Shirakawa of the Tokyo Institute of Technology mistakenlyadded 1，000 times more catalyst than the recipe called What he producedwas a lustrous， silvery film that resembled aluminum foil butstretched like Saran Wrap—something that sounds more like a new andimproved way to keep leftovers fresh than a potential breakthrough inmaterials The substance appeared so unusual that when Alan G MacDiarmidspied it， he wondered if it would be a candidate for his goal of making“synthetic metals”—nonmetallic substances that could transmit In 1977 Shirakawa joined MacDiarmid and Alan J Heeger in their laboratoryat the University of Pennsylvania to investigate this form of After mixing in some iodine， the group found that the material’sconductivity subsequently jumped by a factor of several Durable， cheap， manufacturable and flexible， conducting polymers inspiredvisions of a future of transparent circuits， artificial muscle and electronicdisplays that conveniently roll up under the Researchers haveauditioned various demonstration devices， including components thatcould be useful for new displays， such as plastic transistors and light-emittingdiodes (LEDs) Although such a future is about as dreamy as it gets，many investigators see broad marketing opportunities possible now—inantistatic coatings， electromagnetic shielding， lights for toys and microwaveovens， among Perhaps mundane， such applications are nonethelesspromising enough that universities are collaborating with corporations，and scientists have initiated start-Although the pace of technological innovation has been impressivelybrisk， whether the materials will have an effect on commerce remains Firms are unlikely to invest in new equipment if the devices performonly marginally better than existing Polymer-based batteries，for instance， have a longer shelf life than do conventional ones， but theyhave penetrated the market in only a limited Flat-panel displays andLEDs made of organic substances face entrenched competition from existinginorganic liquid crystals and Still， optimism pervades the Because plastic and electrical deviceshave become integral parts of the modern world， researchers are confidentthat at least some profitable uses will Conducting polymers constitutea radically novel market area， points out Ray H Baughman of Allied-Signal in Morristown， NJ， who predicts confidently， “Fortunes aregoing to be ”Polymers， the constituents of familiar plastic materials and syntheticfibers， are large organic molecules built out of smaller ones linked togetherin a long Generally， they are insulators， because their moleculeshave no free electrons for carrying To make these substances conductive，workers exploit a technique familiar to the semiconducting industry:doping， or adding atoms with interesting electronic Theadded atoms either give up some of their spare electrons to the polymerbonds or grab some electrons from the bonds (and thereby contribute positivecharges called holes) In either case， the chain becomes electrically Applying a voltage can then send electrons scampering over thelength of the 《MICROPROCESSORS IN 2020》Unlike many other technologies that fed our imaginationsand then faded away， the computer hastransformed our There can be little doubtthat it will continue to do so for many decades to Theengine driving this ongoing revolution is the microprocessor，the sliver of silicon that has led to countless inventions， suchas portable computers and fax machines， and has added intelligenceto modern automobiles and Astonishingly，the performance of microprocessors has improved25，000 times over since their invention only 27 years I have been asked to describe the microprocessor of Such predictions in my opinion tend to overstate the worthof radical， new computing Hence， I boldly predictthat changes will be evolutionary in nature， and not Even so， if the microprocessor continues to improveat its current rate， I cannot help but suggest that 25 yearsfrom now these chips will empower revolutionary software tocompute wonderful 《HOW THE SUPERTRANSISTORWORKS》Although it is rarely acknowledged，not one but two distinctelectronic revolutionswere set in motion by the invention ofthe transistor 50 years ago at Bell TelephoneL The better knownof the two has as its hallmark the trendtoward This revolutionwas fundamentally transformed in thelate 1950s， when Robert N Noyce andJack Kilby separately invented the integratedcircuit， in which multiple transistorsare fabricated within a single chipmade up of layers of a Years of this miniaturizationtrend have led to fingernail-size sliversof silicon containing millions of transistors，each measuring a few microns andconsuming perhaps a millionth of a wattin 如果需要更多跟我联系，我有pdf版的资料。
