单词“paper”是美式英语;在英式英语中,我们叫“essay”。他们两都一般与本科学位有关系。而“dissertation”是指硕士学位的啦。Essay有两个特点:1、short!短!2、主要是指学生的课程作业(或者考核作品)啦。3、是在某主题上写,而不是乱来的。Essay 一般指几千字级别的小论文/课程论文,通常只有文献综述和对文献的批判分析,可以没有独立的数据和实证(即便有也是简化的)。可以没有完整的数据或文献,也可以只针对一些著作或观点谈谈自己的想法和见解,可以是批判性的,也可以是赞同的。Essay 通常会比较常运用于美式英语中。在英式英语中,人们则会习惯于把 essay 当做本科时期的论文,这也是美式英语和英式英语的不同吧。不过,essay 相对其他两个 paper 和 dissertation 来说,它的用法是广泛的,它不仅仅涵盖了论文这一层面的意思,同时,它这个词在牛津词典里的含义有(尤指学生写的作为课程作业的)短文,论说文,小品文,散文。Dissertation一般是1——2万字级别,通常有独立的研究方法,数据分析等实证内容。Thesis一般是10万字级别,需要更系统的研究方法,田野调查(即fieldwork),数据分析等实证。paper一般有两种(跟学术相关的):第一种是超级学术的论文,通常是由专家写的,在书和期刊上等发表,一般叫做学术论文 Scholarly paper。第二种是类似 essay 的,作为学校课程作业的文章和论文,一般叫学期论文 Term paper。学期论文 Term paper 是学生撰写的研究论文,占很大一部分的成绩。学期论文通常用来描述一个事件,一个概念,或者认为一个论点。学期论文是写原创作品,详细讨论一个话题,通常都需要几页打印纸,通常是在一个学期尾交。这里再顺便说说研究论文。研究论文Research paper可能是指:1、学术论文 Academic paper (also called scholarly paper);2、表明对问题所持见解的论文 Position paper;3、学期论文 Term paper;4、毕业论文 Thesis 或 dissertation;
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning In this paper。。 This paper proceeds as The structure of the paper is as In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are Details on xx and xx are discussed in later In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are Review This review is followed by an A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section In the next section, a brief review of the is In the next section, a short review of is given with special regard to Section 2 reviews relevant research related to Section 1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility