Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分
一、《英语写作》课程简介 《英语写作》是英语专业本科段一门重要的实践课程，是英语专科阶段英语写作基础的继续。 我认为《英语写作》和《英语写作阶段的》是英语写作的两个层次，即遣词造句和布局谋篇两个层次。前者更多地注重语言形式，以句子、段落为写作核心，后者注重整篇文章的结构合理，脉络清晰，强调整体感。因此《英语写作》学习要特别注意英语篇章结构的把握。《英语写作》重点教授的是如何用英语写好记叙文、描写文、说明文以及议论文等，而其中又以说明文和议论文为中心。 《英语写作》考核重点 《英语写作》的考核目标和出题原则在《考试大纲》中有明确的阐述。根据历年考题看，考核重点有以下三点： 应考生能写出内容充实，具有一定广度和深度的说明文和议论文； 要熟练掌握提纲及提要； 写作速度每小时250-300词。 《英语写作》备考方法 注重过程，勤写多改 布局谋篇，分析范文 广泛阅读，多想善思 《英语写作》不同于其它像《英语词汇学》、《欧洲文化入门》等知识性课程，它是实践性的，技能性的课程。对于英语写作的学习不能像学习知识性课程那样，只记忆知识脉络，就可以了，它需要考生功在平时，勤写多改，锻炼自己英语基本能力；英语写作有自己的规律性。在有限的时间那，要从一些散乱的、突发的、只言片语的想法发展到一篇结构合理，逻辑清晰的文章谈何容易？因此，考生在平时就要注重写作过程的练习，自觉遵从写作的流程。英语写作是要遵循一定的过程的。并不是信手拈来，或是急就章。一般来讲，一篇英语文章的完成，要经过构思，整理，撰写大纲，一稿，二稿，终稿。学生要遵循英语写作流程，才会有长远的进步。只有把握住了写作流程，才会高屋建瓴，从总体上布局谋篇，而不是“只见树木，不见树林”。一些考生写作不打草稿，随性而致，势必会影响作文的质量，这是不可取的。 《英语写作》重视整篇文章的撰写，注意布局谋篇，因此考生要仔细阅读教材相关章节，详细分析范文，把理论和实践相结合，将理论深化，内化为自己的写作指南。能够做到见到文章能抽象出文章的结构，见到题目能理出自己的写作思路，框架和结构。这正是考试撰写大纲和文章写作的考核目的所在。因此，考生们要对英语典型的篇章结构了如指掌，做到心中有数。做题时方能游刃有余。 《英语写作》还需要考生善于把握当下热点问题，并能就此发表个人看法，因此广泛阅读，多想善思会对英语写作大有裨益。考生可以从其它英语课程或是英文报刊等英语资源中汲取好的词汇，语句，结构，甚至是好的观点为我所用。其次，写作和阅读密不可分，相辅相成；考试对补齐段落和撰写大纲的考察都需要较强的阅读能力作为后盾，如果文章理解都出现问题，何来对补齐段落和撰写大纲；对英语写作的结构的了解反过来可以帮助考生提高阅读理解能力，特别是把握文章总体思想的能力。考生若能细心研习，必会大受其益。 二、考试题型及分析 高等教育自学考试《英语写作》考试满分100分，考试时间为150分钟。全部题目用英文做答。其形式相对固定，大题有三项： I 补充段落 Supplying the missing paragraph （20 points） The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph （introductory； body or conclusive） Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph missing paragraph of about 100 Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage II 撰写大纲 Write an outline （20 points） Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for Sometimes the passage is from the III文章写作 Composition （60 points） 从考察的内容看，考察的核心是英语的篇章结构，无论是补齐段落还是撰写大纲都不是孤立进行的，补齐的段落要和整篇文章衔接，做到整体如一；撰写的大纲是对篇章结构的直接考察，即考察考生从文章中抽象出结构的能力；文章写作考察整篇文章写作的综合能力。从考试形式上看，既考察学生句子，段落写作能力，也考察篇章写作能力。补齐对话考察段落写作，撰写提纲考察句子写作，文章写作考察篇章写作能力。因此，对《英语写作》的学习要牢牢把握一条红线，那就是要熟悉英语文章的篇章结构。具体的解题技巧我们将在课程讲解后给大家做详细的指导。 三、《英语写作》课程讲解 （一）写作格式要求 （Format） 有一句话，大家可能都知道，叫“文如其人”，英文是“The style is the man himself”。从一个人的行文就能看出他的品德，品性。整洁的文风不仅是对读者的尊重，更是对自己的尊重。这从一个侧面说明了写作格式的重要性，它是写作的“面子”，马虎不的。一些考生认为，作文注重内容，不注重形式。这是一种误解，干净整洁的文章使人耳目一新，急于阅读，使人对作者产生一种办事认真，思路清晰的第一印象。相反，杂乱无章，急就章式的文字使人觉得作者思维混乱，不知所云。设想一下在阅卷时间紧迫，任务繁重的情况下，给阅卷人留下良好的第一印象是多么的重要啊！ 另外，严格的写作格式要求是英语写作不可分割的一部分，学习英语写作就必须遵守英语写作的规范，否则就不成其为英语写作。 总体上讲，英语写作格式要给人留下整洁，清晰的印象。具体写作时，要注意以下几点： 页边距（The margins） 题目位置：第一行居中。 题目中单词的大小写 （Capitalization in titles） 每个单词的第一个字母要大写，但是下列除外： 冠词，少于四个字母的介词，并列连词如and， or， but， nor， for， to 等。 题目的第一个单词必须大写。 题目中的标点（Punctuation in titles） 题目可以是问句；论文题目，直接引要加引号；书名要用斜体。 段落缩进（The indention of each paragraph） 每段第一行要缩进4-5个字母；练习时，隔行写便于教师批阅。考试时，不必要。标点符号后要空格。 写作格式要求主要是一个习惯养成问题，考生在写作时要多加注意，养成习惯。 （二）撰写大纲的基本要求 撰写大纲是英语写作的重要一步，也是英语写作考试重点考察的内容之一。因此，考生应该给以足够的重视。大纲指的是一篇文章的总体结构。撰写大纲能力的高低反应考生总体把握英语篇章能力的强弱。在《英语写作》考试中，它有两种表现形式：一是根据文章写出其大纲；一是根据题目编写大纲，构思文章。前者是考试直接考察的，既考察大纲的形式也考察其内容。后者是间接考察的，即在文章写作一题中，考生在构思时所用的大纲。它是写好一篇文章的前提和基础。这里我们着重讲解撰写大纲的形式要求，而对如何针对文章撰写大纲的考试技巧和写作过程中的大纲撰写将在后面的章节中加以详细论述。 撰写英语大纲要遵循以下基本原则 部分若含有分项（sub points），则分项不能少于两个。即有“1”必有“2”，有“A”必有“B”，依次类推。处于同一地位的分项要具有同样的重要性，安排要合乎逻辑。分项要用相同的语法结构来表达。 不要将话题大纲（a topic outline）和句子大纲（a sentence outline）相混淆。英语大纲有两种形式：话题大纲和句子大纲。顾名思义，话题大纲由名词短语，动名词短语，不定式短语等构成。句子大纲由完整的句子构成。两者泾渭分明，不得混用。 话题大纲的第一个字母要大写，短语后不必点句号；句子大纲要遵循英语句子的标点规范。但是在序列号中每一个罗马字母，大写字母，阿拉伯数字或是小写字母后要加句号，加了括号后不再加句号。 大纲序列号如下： I 罗马字母 A 大写字母 阿拉伯数字 小写字母 1） 带括号的阿拉伯数字 a） 带括号的小写字母 大纲实例 话题大纲：（教材P17） I Kindness to Mum A Warm language B Help with housework II Kindness to children A My own experience B His talk to my classmate III Kindness to our neighbours A His help of the Wangs Quilts Dinner Consolidation B His help of the Changs Renting a car for the troubled Borrowing money for them 句子大纲（教材P15） I Father loves mother most A He never hurts Mom with harsh words B He tries his best to help Mom with the II Father reasons with us children when we do things A He reasoned with me when I took his favorite record of music out to show off and damaged it B He reasoned with my classmate Hong when we III Father kept helping our neighbors out of A He helped the Wangs when their house caught He gave them our new He invited them to eat in our He comforted B He helped the Changs when their baby was terribly He stopped a car and went to the hospital with the baby and He borrowed money from friends to cover the hospital
