直接引用直接引用指逐字逐句,一字不差,一字不漏地引用。直接引用可以证明观点或文字的权威性,可以保留所引内容的原始文字,也可以强调所引内容的准确性。直接引用时,引文要尽可能简短,如果引文过长,即超过半页,要把引文放到附录部分,并在文中说明。直接引用是引用原话,必须用引号,并且除了标明作者和出版年以外,还要标明具体页码,与数字之间有空格,如下所示:Darwin used the metaphor of tree “to express the other form of interconnectedness — genealogical rather than ecological” (Gould, 1989, 14)如果在正文中提到你要引用的作者,而且是直接引用,则需紧随其姓氏后用括号标明出版年,然后在引用的引号后用括号标明具体页码,如下所示:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to explain the other form of interconnectedness — genealogical rather than ecological—and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” ( 14)直接引用注意事项1、双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语,如下所示正确:Researchers claim that the “question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Thompson, 1981, 129)错误:Researchers claim that the ‘question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase’ (Thompson, 1981, 129)2、引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。3、引文出处使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。4、短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。正文中,括号夹注放在句末标点以内,但不得放在引文的引号以内。规范:Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her” (Fountain, 1988, 33)不规范:Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires ” (Fountain, 1988, 33) Her idea is further confirmed that “people think her odd and that nobody loves and admires her (Fountain, 1988, 33)”
第1级:置中大小写标题(Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)第2级:置中、斜体、大小写标题(Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading)第3级:靠左对齐、斜体、大小写标题(Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading)第4级:缩排、斜体、小写标题,最后加句号(Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period)第5级:置中大写标题(CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING)以下是参考文献中的一些用法。扩展资料文献引用文献引用是在一篇文章的段落或文字之中“参考来源”的标注。APA格式使用哈佛大学文章引用格式,通常来说,一个引用包含了作者名和发表日期,以括号夹注(有时会再加上页数),放在引用文字或句子之后。详细的引用或参考资料则放在位于文章最后的“参考文献”或“Works Cited”部分。APA格式明确的定义“参考文献”只放入文章内容引用的来源,所以有些文章才会有“参考文献(Reference)”和“Bibliography”的分别。