一、英文论文的标题一篇较长的英文论文(如英文毕业论文)一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行(通常为by，居中)的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英文论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:D/PCPrager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。就学生而言，如果英文论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页(及提纲页)，而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白)。二、英文论文提纲英文论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B，以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii(第一页无需标页码)。三、英文论文正文有标题页和提纲页的英文论文，其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中，其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm，距正文第一行约5cm。段首字母须缩进五格，即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数)，自第二页起，必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行，在其后部)打上论文作者的姓，空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式，即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格，其他标点符号后则空一格。四、英文论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英文论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一，即其逻辑性，又要注意引述格式 （即英文论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点，可以直接引用，也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式，论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况，将部分规范格式分述如下。若引文不足三行，则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9)这里，圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格，但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。被引述的文字如果超过三行，则应将引文与论文文字分开，如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor， and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society， one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic (Chase 165)这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英文论文的左边第一个字母十个空格，即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号，末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。如需在引文中插注，对某些词语加以解释，则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:DBeaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9)值得注意的是，本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中，故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除，则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点，如出现在引文末，则用四个点，最后一点表示句号，置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来，应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间，或点与点之间都需空一格。如:Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and with undisguised scorn and (Nitchie 43)若引文出自一部多卷书，除注明作者姓和页码外，还需注明卷号。如:Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen，1:i)圆括弧里的1为卷号，小写罗马数字i为页码，说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外，书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名，包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线，或用斜体字；其他作品，如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出，如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。如果英文论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品，除注明引文作者及页码外，还要注明作品名。如:Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington， Philosophy 35)Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus， a physician， probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15)这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作，故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名，以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长，在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式)，其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。评析诗歌常需引用原诗句，其引用格式如下例所示。When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface， “The surging waves， great tracts of water， / were all ”(1620-21)这里，被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开，斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行，仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。五、英文论文的文献目录论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况，即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited，其格式须注意下列几点:目录页应与正文分开，另页打印，置于正文之后。目录页应视为英文论文的一页，按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多，不止一页，则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数)，其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为5cm，与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为6cm，不必留出更多空白。各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列，但不要给各条目编码，也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印，回行时均需缩进五格，以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下，并略加说明，供读者参考。Two or More Books by the Same Author Brooks， C Fundamentals of Good Writing: A Handbook of Modern R NewYork: Harcourt， ---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway， Faulkner， Yeats， Eliot， and W New Haven: Yale UP，引用同一作者的多部著作，只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名，余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。An Author with an Editor Shake speare， W The Tragedy of M E Louis B W New York: Washington Square， 本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面，而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面，表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等，则需将编者姓名置前，如:Blackmur， Richard PI The Art of the Novel: Critical P By Henry J New York: Scribner's， vii-如果引言与著作为同一人所写，则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):Emery， D P English F By E London: Macmillan， v- A Multivolume WorkBrowne， T The Works of Sir Thomas B E Geoffrey K 4 London: Faber， Browne， T The Works of Sir Thomas B E Geoffrey K V London: Faber， 4 第一条目表明该著作共4卷，而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。A Selection from an Anthology Abram， M H“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the A” Romanticism R E Northrop F New York: Columbia UP，63-被引用的英文论文名须用引号标出，并注意将英文论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。Articles in Journals， Magazines， and Newspapers Otto， Mary L“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for P” Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-报刊杂志名需划线，但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号，如既有卷号，又有期号，则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3)；1984为出版年份，应置于圆括弧中。Arnold， M“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in A”Research Studies M1981:23-24，月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月；23-24，28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页，后一部分则转至第28页。Gorney， C“When the Gorilla S”Washington Post 31 July，1985:B引用日报上的英文论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。
As is known to all， it is important to be/ do… I think there are at least two reasons for… For one thing，… For another，… Let’s take… for example… From what I have mentioned above we can see that without… we can not … it is clear that… play an important part in…Different people， however， have different opinions on this Some people think that … According to them all of us should… Others argue that … in their point of view， nobody can without … Compared with…， has a lot of advantages over… There is no doubt that … As a consequence， … In short， I firmly support the view that … It is because… So my conclusion is that …(109words)1． 对立观点式： A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B．有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C．我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However， other people stand on a different They consider it harmful to do X They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both But I think the advantages of X overweigh the In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about， X also may X 的一个坏处。 2． 批驳观点式： A．一个错误观点。 B．我不同意。 Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that， they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y， almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these people's But if we consider it in depth， we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my （以下参照辩论文的议论文写法）。 3． 社会问题（现象）式 A．一个社会问题或者现象。 B．产生的原因 C．对社会和我们生活的影响 D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话） E． 前景的预测。 Nowadays， there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public) According to a survey， 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子） There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/ 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。 X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life， which has been articulated in the following 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 Based on the above discussions， I can easily forecast that more and more people 议论文有三要点：论点、论据、论证方法。论点：作者对某事某现象持有的见解或主张。论据：事实论据 理论论据 用来证明论点的理由或根据。论证方法：对比 归纳 演绎等
一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned， …（ 就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to （现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as （互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to Some hold that……However， others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to ==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short， it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above， we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore， we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as （毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all， we cannot live without……，but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would （总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend)（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ，if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem， the chances are that……will lead us in （很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt， unless we take effective measures， it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view， it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the (在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion，……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally， to speak frankly， there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （的原因是） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons First，……Second，……Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing，…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand，……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as 我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2：As far as something is concerned，……就某事而言，……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1：It has the following 它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to ==It is of great benefit/harm to 它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than 他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do 对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our 十一、采取措施1：We should take some effective 我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the 我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3：We should do our utmost in doing 我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced 我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1：Some changes have taken place in the past five 过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international 在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested 4:be closely related to ~~ （与息息相关） 十四、进行比较1：Compared with A，B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV十五、常用英语谚语1：Actions speak louder than 事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that 发光的未必都是金子3：All roads lead to R条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half 良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6：A miss is as good as a 失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of 失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of 勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to 活到老，学到老10:Knowledge is 知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to 世上无难事，只怕有心人
