European political map Europe is the abbreviation of Europa continent， "Europa，" a word it is said that initially from Phoenicia language "Erie cloth" a word that means "" sunset place" or "western land" The European average terrain height is 330 m， give priority to with plain terrain， the south， stands a series of mountains， the floorboard of the Alps， including mont blanc elevation 4807 meters， mont blanc is the French territory， become the highest peak in Western E Thanks to the European populated， plenty of Is the longest river in the volga river， is 3690 kilometers long， and the second is the Danube river， 2850 kilometers， is the world's most river flows through the Europe is a permanent population in the state of a tropical climate not only state， at the same time， frigid climate accounts for the area is not large also， so mild climate， precipitation distribution is Most of the maritime climate temperate， also have a Mediterranean climate， temperate continental climate， polar climate and mountain plateau climate and Among them the most typical temperate oceanic Remember to give points ， thank U
自学考试英语专业“欧洲文化入门”串讲资料l 希腊罗马 Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poetAeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist Arostophoes Comedy writer Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history Thucydides Athens and Sparta， Syracuse historian Pythagoras All things were numbers Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist ， atomic Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid geometrist Others Diogenes， Pyrrhon， Epicurus philosophy Cicero Far less rhetorical， but colloquial and intimate Prose writer Caesar I came， I saw， I conquered Prose writer Lucretius On the nature of things poet Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero 4th century BC后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century BC达到顶峰，146BC被罗马攻克。 l 基督教和圣经 Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800BC穿过中东沙漠，1300BCMoses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century BC，他们在Babylon形成synagogue(忧太集会)来发扬他们的教义。 Jesus生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教为国教。 Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000BC-100AD的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由 Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint l 中世纪 开始于476西罗马帝国得衰败 5-11世纪 在文化上继承了Roman culture，出现了Hebrew and Gothic culture feudalism主要是一种system of land holding，for exchanging military service，它还是一种local and decentralized government 1045，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 S Thomas Aquinas写了The Summa Theologica总结了中世纪神学的所有知识并形成了系统，他认为feudal hierarchy of society is God‘s rule The power of feudal rulers is God‘s will Pope is Crist‘s Plenipotentiary 中世纪封建社会的人主要分为三个等级：clergy， lords， peasants Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the l 文艺复兴与宗教改革 Boccaccio Decameron Cervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain) Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry Da Vinci Artist in Italy Michelangelo Artist in Italy Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy Titian Oil color Artist in Italy Ronsard France Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France Montaigne The Essais France Thomas More Utopia Shakespeare crowned literature of England Copernicus The father of modern astronomy Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography Dante Vosari others Giotto，Brunelleschi，Donatello，Giorgione，Spencer， Bacon artists Reformation was led by Martin L 它主张用the Bible的绝对权威取代the Roman Catholic Church的绝对权威，这促进了资本主义的发展。 1492， Columbus发现了America 1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama发现了绕过好望角去印度的航线 英国在Elizabeth I的统治下达到鼎盛时期 宗教改革以后，基督教分裂为：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic Humanism是文艺复兴时代的灵魂思想 l 17世纪 Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus Milton Areopagitica， English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power England Descartes I think therefore I am France Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists Racine Moliere Locke 很多科学器械在被发明：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum Bacon认为哲学应该与神学分开 Leibniz区别了人的三种理解程度，自我意识，意识，潜意识(无意识) Bacon反对deductive method，创立了inductive method Hobbes认为最好的统治方式是monarchy 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利 英国大革命中，Cromwell带领行动 Milton提供思想 法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre 英国最著名建筑：S Paul‘s Cathedral 17th：physics， mathematics 18th：chemistry 19th：biology 20th：psychology French classicism Baroque art Newton Galileo l 启蒙运动 Diderot France Montesquieu Separation of powers Voltaire Hobbes Social contract Locke Social contract Rousseau Swift Defoe Henry Fielding Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval Lessing German dramastistGerman classicim Goethe schiller Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis Pope poet DJohnson lexicographer JSBach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment Handel Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven Romantic Movement 18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence(1776) The Declaration of Independence The French Revolution(1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man Rococo艺术的典型建筑代表：Hotel de Soubise Addison， Steele在期刊The Tatler ， The Spectator上发表论文 The Enlightenment Rococo art
