David M Gordon - The China-Japan War， 1931-1945 - The Journal of Military History 70:1 The Journal of Military History 1 (2006) 137-182 The China-Japan War， 1931–1945 David M Gordon War， Sun Tzu tells us， "is of vital importance to the state， being the arena in which life or death is decided and the pathway to survival or " The Japanese invasion on 7 July 1937 put the Chinese Republic in mortal In the end， the Republic But China was The war also made possible a successful Communist revolution that destroyed traditional By 1945， Japan， too， was almost Its empire lost and its political structure remade by its American conquerors， the country would eventually enter a new period of peaceful economic Both nations were fundamentally transformed by the The China-Japan war， the catalyst of these changes， is arguably the most important event in the history of East Asia in the twentieth This essay surveys much of the literature on that war， published since the 1970s， from its origins to its The war began in However， the events leading to it started almost twenty years Marius Jansen describes how， until the end of the First World War in 1918， Japan had participated with other nations in the division of China into spheres of Unfortunately， the Japanese were unable to adjust to the postwar anti-imperialist policies of the Soviet Union-------------------------上面是网络上找的，如果你需要更加详细的，可以查看下面的连接：_Sino-Japanese_War _Sino-Japanese_War
这里面有日本文化的概述和有关花道，相扑的内容。Ukiyo-e， literally "pictures of the floating world"， is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese Because these prints could be mass-produced， they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace — those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings — during their heyday， from the 17th to 20th In the long feudal period governed by the samurai class， some methods that were used to train warriors were developed into well-ordered martial arts， referred to collectively as Koryū Examples include Kenjutsu， Kyūdō， Sōjutsu， Jujutsu and Sumo， all of which were established in the Edo After the rapid social change in the Meiji Restoration， some martial arts changed to modern sports， Gendai Budō Judo was developed by Kano Jigoro， who studied some sects of J These sports are still widely practiced in present day Japan and other
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon ， officially 日本国 Nippon-koku (help·info) or Nihon-koku) is an island country in East A Located in the Pacific Ocean， it lies to the east of China， Korea and Russia， stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin"， which is why Japan is sometimes identified as the "Land of the Rising Sun" Japan comprises over three thousand islands，the largest of which are Honshū， Hokkaidō， Kyūshū and Shikoku， together accounting for 97% of land Most of the islands are mountainous， many volcanic; for example， Japan’s highest peak， Mount Fuji， is a Japan has the world's tenth largest population， with about 128 million The Greater Tokyo Area， which includes the capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures， is the largest metropolitan area in the world， with over 30 million Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century AD Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's Since adopting its constitution in 1947， Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament， the D A major economic power， Japan has the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP It is a member of the United Nations， G8， G4 and APEC， with the world's fifth largest defense It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and sixth largest importer and a world leader in technology and
Japan is a land of extremes， of ancient history and high-tech Sushi， sake， sumo， samurai， geishas， gardens， bonsai， karate， kabuki and Zen are just some of the world-renowned icons of Japanese Ancient ritual and dynamic pop culture live and breathe side by You can spend weeks soaking up traditional culture from Japan’s many temples， kabuki theatre， tea ceremonies and extraordinary If contemporary culture and high-technology is more your thing， you’ll find futuristic wonderlands in Japan’s captivating cities of shimmering skyscrapers， pumping discos， and spirited sake and sushi Home to over 127 million people， Japan’s emerald isles float along the eastern rim of the Asian continent， spreading for over 3，000 kilometres and accumulating nearly 30，000 kilometres of Ranging all the way from sub-arctic Hokkaido to sub-tropic Okinawa， the Japanese archipelago hosts a wide variety of flora and With a land mass slightly smaller than California or equivalent to Germany， Japan’s urban areas are the most densely populated in the Japan consists of four major islands and around 3，900 smaller The main islands are Hokkaido in the north， the large central island of Honshu (home of Tokyo)， and the smaller southern islands of Shikoku and K These dramatic islands are made up of steep mountains， deep verdant valleys， lakes and winding rivers flowing into large deltas and bustling Most of the country’s mountains are volcanic causing Japan to be one of the most seismically active regions of the However， serious earthquakes and tsunamis only occur several times in a For the most part， Japan registers only small From all this geological activity， the country is blessed with an abundance of healing hot springs and spectacular Japanese is the official language of course， and many Japanese are able to understand some English to a certain extent since it is part of compulsory Trying out a few common Japanese phrases will make your trip even more A little bit goes a long However， you don't need to understand Japanese to enjoy J Japan was traditionally settled in 660 BC， by various clans of indigenous Written history began in the 5th century AD and Buddhism was introduced from China in the 6th Rivalry between Buddhism and Shinto (Japan’s traditional religion) was defused by presenting Shinto deities as manifestations of B Today the two religions co-exist and are practiced peacefully， with many festivals and During a long feudal period between the 12th and 19th centuries， military power was held by the shoguns and Japan closed its borders， forbidding its citizens to leave and foreigners to This national seclusion came to an end when shogun dominance was overthrown by the imperial power of Emperor Mutsuhito in Feudalism was abolished， and the country opened up to Western trade and industrial Today Japan is highly industrialized and noted for its advanced The capital of Japan is Tokyo， a massive dazzling city where the old and the new collide into an endless array of exotic sights and With more than 12 million people， Tokyo radiates exuberant energy， offering fascinating and unique discoveries at every Kyoto is the cultural capital of Japan presenting a treasure of enchanting temples， immaculate gardens and the ancient Nijo C If you overdose on temples， try feasting on some of the finest food in Japan or hiking through majestic mountain Kyoto makes an excellent base in which to explore the surrounding cities of Osaka， Nara and the other regions of the Kansai P Osaka is one of Japan's largest cities and lies in the great Kansai P Highly commercialized with fabulous shopping districts， Osaka is famous for its kabuki theatre， bunraku (a unique form of puppet theatre)， Osaka Castle， hearty cuisine and down-to-earth people， revealing a sophisticated and lively atmosphere， especially at Hokkaido is the second largest of the Japanese islands， but the least As Japan’s northernmost island， snowfall is abundant， making it the main winter resort and sport area in J The island’s capital of Sapporo hosted the 1972 Winter O Hokkaido's scenic beauty is preserved within several national parks， encompassing vast forests， rugged mountains and Japan’s second longest river， the I Okinawa is a group of tiny islands within the Ryukyu Island chain in south western Japan， surrounded by some of the clearest sea water in the With a welcoming subtropical climate， the Ryuku archipelago extends for over 1000 kilometres， home to an abundance of wildlife， dense forests， mountains， caves， coral reefs and the most beautiful beaches in J Having historically been a separate nation， Okinawa’s language and culture differ considerably from mainland Japan， making it a fascinating place to Nagoya is a culturally rich 16th century fortress city on the main island of H Nagoya has many universities， the magnificent Nagoya Castle and two famous shrines， one of which houses the sacred imperial Kusanagi sword， along with thousands of national The Tokugawa Art Museum， Higashiyama Park， and an art museum partnered with the Boston Museum of Fine Arts are other Yokohama is a large city 30 kilometres south of Tokyo on the shores of Tokyo B As the birth place of Japan’s first railroad， Yokohama today is connected to Tokyo by several railway lines as well as numerous Almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake and fire in 1923， it was quickly rebuilt and modernized and is now a leading port and industrial It is home to historical and tranquil Sankeien Garden， the Ramen Noodle and Curry Museum， and one of Japan’s tallest buildings， the Landmark Tower， standing at nearly 300 Fukuoka is a prosperous seaside city on the southern island of Kyushu， bordered by mountains and the Sea of G Less seismically active than other areas of Japan， Fukuoka is famous for its Hakata dolls， rich agriculture， universities， and three prominent Fukuoka Castle， Ohori Koen Park and one of the world’s tallest Ferris wheels， Sky Dream Fukuoka， are other notable landmarks of F Visiting Japan can be enjoyable in every season of the Spring and autumn bring temperate weather and colourful foliage and Wintertime is ideal for enjoying winter sports and hot springs， while summer brings a plethora of fascinating The climate varies from sub-arctic in the north to sub-tropic in the Rainfall varies across the nation but is quite regular year round and usually a bit heavier during summer and
